tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-20161228331985156952024-03-07T20:22:51.153-08:00How to write numbers in a paperMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.comBlogger190125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-28612209341256378402020-08-24T01:26:00.001-07:002020-08-24T01:26:03.579-07:00Legalization Of Drungs Essays - Drug Control Law, Drug CultureMikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-37998282506049093652020-08-22T00:13:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:13:31.535-07:00The Role of Religion in Presidential Elections Free EssaysThe Role of Religion in Presidential Elections ââ¬Å"The connection between confidence, reason, and dread now and then resemblesâ⬠¦rock, paper, scissors (45). â⬠This is the initial sentence in part two of Al Goreââ¬â¢s book, The Assault on Reason. In this section Gore discusses how dread assumes control over explanation, reason difficulties confidence, and in the long run confidence routs dread. We will compose a custom article test on The Role of Religion in Presidential Elections or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now This is the way that our general public worked when he composed the book, and it has not improved from that point forward, despite the fact that it has not really deteriorated. Today religion is as yet a tremendous player in political discussion since individuals are guided, generally, by their ethics and it is ordinarily held that ethics come fundamentally from strict lessons. This is an intricate subject since that likewise makes the way for the possibility that skeptics, freethinkers, and so forth are not good individuals since they are not strict. By that rationale, just the strict ought to be permitted to lead our nation since they are the main good individuals. Do we accept that all religions are acceptable, however? Are some superior to other people? In a perfect world, and under our Constitution, no; all religions are equivalent according to our laws. In any case, there are marks of disgrace joined to specific religions, and to numerous non-strict individuals there is a shame on religion itself. So why, at that point, does religion assume such an enormous job in political crusades? Itââ¬â¢s basic; since we see religion as having an immediate relationship with ethics, lawmakers, ideological groups, and intrigue gatherings can utilize dread to supersede our explanation so as to influence our conclusions. Truly, here in the United States, our residents have chosen white Christian men for the workplace of the President. To go much further, we have chosen Protestant Christians for office. It is obvious that, ideological groups aside, we have an inclination with respect to what our President ought to be, strictly. We have just had one Roman Catholic President, John F. Kennedy; during his battle there were fears that he would follow the desires of the Bishop instead of the individuals. Somewhat we despite everything hold these convictions. In the event that we didn't, religion wouldnââ¬â¢t be utilized as a dread strategy. The pilgrims who originated from England were getting away from strict constraint, and were the motivation for our opportunity of religion. In present day times, we appear to have dismissed that. Four years prior, Barack Obama was pursuing position just because. Among numerous different discussions, I. e. regardless of whether he was really brought into the world a U. S. resident, was the talk that Obama is a Muslim and not a Christian as he has over and over recognized himself to be. In the United States, where we have the opportunity of religion sketched out in our Constitution, individuals were stressed that somebody of a Muslim foundation would have the option to turn into the most influential man on the planet. An enormous piece of that dread positively comes from the assaults on September 11, 2001 yet without a doubt there is no authentic motivation to fear Muslims other than the blend of our obliviousness of Muslim culture and confidence, and the dread that is ingrained in us by ideological groups as well as by non-associated radical gatherings also, that state all Muslims are psychological oppressors. Barack Obama proceeded to win the political race, which isn't astonishing on the grounds that general society could see directly through these unsteady panic strategies. Be that as it may, this has not prevented individuals from attempting to utilize it in the present political decision. In a ninety second sound clasp accepted from a call between a Republican volunteer and a constituent, the volunteer calls Obama a Muslim and says that he needs to remove their Medicare (Dixon, 2012). So despite the fact that this strategy has not worked before, it doesnââ¬â¢t do a lot to prevent individuals from attempting to spread these gossipy tidbits once more. Between the 2008 political decision and the forthcoming political decision very little has changed, in spite of the fact that in this yearââ¬â¢s political race the religion card will probably assume a bigger job in who will win the electorate. Glove Romney is a Mormon, and keeping in mind that the little objection guaranteeing Obama to be a Muslim was never on firm ground, there is no doubt of Romneyââ¬â¢s religion. This is the place we fall back to the times of Kennedyââ¬â¢s battle. Individuals are concerned that Romney will put his strict perspectives before the government assistance of our country. The allegation that individuals are making is that he is unequipped for driving our nation since he is a Mormon. A portion of the large issues on his plate as of now include womenââ¬â¢s rights. As a Mormon, he doesn't have confidence in premature birth and has clarified that he would attempt to pass enactment that sets the start of life at origination. While there are absolutely non-Mormon individuals who don't have confidence in premature birth, this is being credited to his religion. Fifty years back, or even twenty-five to thirty years prior, this would have been a non-issue. Romneyââ¬â¢s convictions would have been more in accordance with the more preservationist nature of the timespan. Obviously Mitt Romney faces a daunting struggle on his journey for the White House. Given the entirety of this data, it would appear to be clear that religion assumes a colossal job in presidential decisions. This is valid, however not really in the way that one may think. As indicated by an article in the Huffington Post, most Americans state that it is significant for the President to have solid strict convictions, regardless of whether the convictions vary from their own. This data appears to sabotage what the media would have us accept. Moreover, constituents tend not to know or be befuddled about the candidatesââ¬â¢ real religion. Just four of every ten residents could accurately recognize Mitt Romneyââ¬â¢s religion and forty-six percent of Americanââ¬â¢s said they didn't have the foggiest idea (Neroulias, 2011). This returns to the possibility of ethics; the individuals who have religion are good and acceptable, while the individuals who don't can't be good and hence ought not lead our nation. At long last, governmental issues have not done a lot to improve. We despite everything dread religions that we have no compelling reason to dread, and this is to a great extent since dread strategies are utilized each day by ideological groups just as radicals who can make it into prevailing press. Totally anybody can begin gossip that an up-and-comer is Muslim and canââ¬â¢t be trusted, and that could get out of control, or it could be passed over generally. It is additionally exponentially simpler to take an up-and-comers religion and a solitary conviction, and afterward persuade the nation that he ought not be President. Something else that we see is that residents place an enormous accentuation on religion itself, however there is as yet a huge disgrace on religions that are not conventional Christian. Until we become all in all increasingly proficient about different religions and discussions become progressively educated, very little might change. References Dixon, M. (2012, September 27). Call from dirt province gop:obama is a muslim whoââ¬â¢ll remove medicare. Recovered from http://m. jacksonville. com/news/metro/2012-09-27/story/call-dirt area gop-obama-muslim-wholl-remove medicare Gore, A. (2007). The attack on reason. (p. 45). New York, NY: Penguin Group. Neroulias, N. (2011, September 24). How strict personality is impacting the presidential political race. Recovered from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2011/07/25/presidential-up-and-comers strict beliefs_n_908858. html The most effective method to refer to The Role of Religion in Presidential Elections, Essay models Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-50688068922521690302020-07-16T02:18:00.001-07:002020-07-16T02:18:04.009-07:00How to Create a Project Communications Plan (+Template) - FocusHow to Create a Project Communications Plan (+Template) - Focus A project communications plan is a document that describes the communications goals, strategies and measures needed to ensure all stakeholders of a project have the right information at the right time. In this article weâll show you how to use a simple project communications plan template to create a document thatâs easy to update, share with stakeholders, and use throughout the lifecycle of your project. Good communications management is at the core of every successful project, as experienced project managers will tell you. Bad communication can lead to missed opportunities, missed deadlines, frustration among team members and many other issues that can negatively impact a project. Most, if not all of these issues can be avoided by determining clear communication rules during the project planning phase. As the communications manager, it is your job to determine what needs to be communicated, when it needs to be communicated, by whom and via which channel. Keep in mind that communication doesnât just happen in meetings and emails. Communication can take place in various settings and have different dimensions. The PMBOK ® Guide, Fifth Edition, lists the following types of communication: Internal (e.g. team members) and external (customers, the public etc.) Formal (reports, briefings) and informal (emails, phone calls etc.) Vertical (up and down the organization) and horizontal (with peers) Official (e.g. newsletters) and unofficial (off the record) Written, verbal (voice inflections) and nonverbal (body language) The Project Communications Management Processes There are five processes that make up project communications management, according to the PMBOK ® Guide. To help you get the most out of our communications plan template, well quickly go over each process: 1) Identify Stakeholders Knowing who the stakeholders of your project are, what their interests are and how much influence they have is important for many areas of project management, including your communications plan. You can conduct a stakeholder analysis to identify stakeholders and create a stakeholder register. Conducting stakeholder interviews will also help you understand the different expectations each stakeholder has towards your project and communications. 2) Plan Communications The main output of this process is the project communications plan, which weâll discuss below. To create the plan, you will need to identify the needs of all project stakeholders and decide on communications models, methods and technologies to use throughout the project management phase. 3) Distribute Information Now itâs time to execute the communications plan youâve created in step two, and distribute information to stakeholders accordingly. You may for instance schedule a weekly status meeting, or keep people in the loop using automatic notifications about project progress. Project management tools such as MeisterTask allow you to set up such automations (called Section Actions) to inform stakeholders via email, Slack, and other communication tools. 4) Manage Stakeholder Expectations Sending automatic updates to stakeholders is not enough. As mentioned under step one, a good project manager needs to be aware of the differing expectations stakeholders have and use his or her people skills to resolve conflicts, build trust, and keep people motivated throughout the project lifecycle. 5) Report Performance The last process involves creating performance reports which the project manager i.e. communications manager submits to concerned audiences to inform them about project progress, the current status of issues and risks, proposed changes to the project, and other topics of interest. The Project Communications Plan Template Text documents with dozens of pages can be intimidating and take a long time to read through. By switching to a more visual format, you can help team members and decision makers get to the most essential pieces of information quickly, and grasp the implications of even complex issues at a glance. An online mind map is uniquely suited to create a project communications plan for a number of reasons: It shows all important pieces of information at a glance It visualizes how individual elements are connected Itâs easy to edit, update and expand upon Itâs easy to share and facilitates collaboration It offers space for attachments, links, comments and more. Involving stakeholders in the planning process and giving them the opportunity to provide feedback, for instance by commenting on individual topics in the mind map, is a great way to ensure that everybody is on the same page and has a clear picture of the communication goals and strategy. Weâve prepared a project communications plan template for you which is suitable for a variety of project types. Take a look: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Project Communications Plan Template on MindMeister. How to Use the Mind Map Template Copy the template to your MindMeister account. (If you dont yet have one, you can sign up for free now). Start filling the template with information. You can expand branches by adding new subtopics anywhere on the map; you can write notes into the note section of each topic; you can also upload file attachments, paste links or drag drop images onto topics. Share the mind map with the members of your decision making team, either by providing them with a share link or by inviting them to the map via email. Ask your collaborators for feedback. They can vote and comment on topics, or assign priorities using colors and icons. Create a secure share link to the finished communications plan map and paste it into your main project plan. Refer to the communications plan map throughout the project management phase and update it if necessary. Hereâs what a finished project communications plan can look like: Notice that a lot of topics have note icons next to them, indicating that additional information is stored there in the form of notes. While the mind map provides a great overview of the contents of the plan, it still manages to store a large amount of information that is readily available when needed. We hope you find this mind map template useful and will give it a try when working on your next project communications plan! Plan projects visually with MindMeister Get Started Its free! Get Started How to Create a Project Communications Plan (+Template) - Focus A project communications plan is a document that describes the communications goals, strategies and measures needed to ensure all stakeholders of a project have the right information at the right time. In this article weâll show you how to use a simple project communications plan template to create a document thatâs easy to update, share with stakeholders, and use throughout the lifecycle of your project. Good communications management is at the core of every successful project, as experienced project managers will tell you. Bad communication can lead to missed opportunities, missed deadlines, frustration among team members and many other issues that can negatively impact a project. Most, if not all of these issues can be avoided by determining clear communication rules during the project planning phase. As the communications manager, it is your job to determine what needs to be communicated, when it needs to be communicated, by whom and via which channel. Keep in mind that communication doesnât just happen in meetings and emails. Communication can take place in various settings and have different dimensions. The PMBOK ® Guide, Fifth Edition, lists the following types of communication: Internal (e.g. team members) and external (customers, the public etc.) Formal (reports, briefings) and informal (emails, phone calls etc.) Vertical (up and down the organization) and horizontal (with peers) Official (e.g. newsletters) and unofficial (off the record) Written, verbal (voice inflections) and nonverbal (body language) The Project Communications Management Processes There are five processes that make up project communications management, according to the PMBOK ® Guide. To help you get the most out of our communications plan template, well quickly go over each process: 1) Identify Stakeholders Knowing who the stakeholders of your project are, what their interests are and how much influence they have is important for many areas of project management, including your communications plan. You can conduct a stakeholder analysis to identify stakeholders and create a stakeholder register. Conducting stakeholder interviews will also help you understand the different expectations each stakeholder has towards your project and communications. 2) Plan Communications The main output of this process is the project communications plan, which weâll discuss below. To create the plan, you will need to identify the needs of all project stakeholders and decide on communications models, methods and technologies to use throughout the project management phase. 3) Distribute Information Now itâs time to execute the communications plan youâve created in step two, and distribute information to stakeholders accordingly. You may for instance schedule a weekly status meeting, or keep people in the loop using automatic notifications about project progress. Project management tools such as MeisterTask allow you to set up such automations (called Section Actions) to inform stakeholders via email, Slack, and other communication tools. 4) Manage Stakeholder Expectations Sending automatic updates to stakeholders is not enough. As mentioned under step one, a good project manager needs to be aware of the differing expectations stakeholders have and use his or her people skills to resolve conflicts, build trust, and keep people motivated throughout the project lifecycle. 5) Report Performance The last process involves creating performance reports which the project manager i.e. communications manager submits to concerned audiences to inform them about project progress, the current status of issues and risks, proposed changes to the project, and other topics of interest. The Project Communications Plan Template Text documents with dozens of pages can be intimidating and take a long time to read through. By switching to a more visual format, you can help team members and decision makers get to the most essential pieces of information quickly, and grasp the implications of even complex issues at a glance. An online mind map is uniquely suited to create a project communications plan for a number of reasons: It shows all important pieces of information at a glance It visualizes how individual elements are connected Itâs easy to edit, update and expand upon Itâs easy to share and facilitates collaboration It offers space for attachments, links, comments and more. Involving stakeholders in the planning process and giving them the opportunity to provide feedback, for instance by commenting on individual topics in the mind map, is a great way to ensure that everybody is on the same page and has a clear picture of the communication goals and strategy. Weâve prepared a project communications plan template for you which is suitable for a variety of project types. Take a look: Your browser is not able to display frames. Please visit Project Communications Plan Template on MindMeister. How to Use the Mind Map Template Copy the template to your MindMeister account. (If you dont yet have one, you can sign up for free now). Start filling the template with information. You can expand branches by adding new subtopics anywhere on the map; you can write notes into the note section of each topic; you can also upload file attachments, paste links or drag drop images onto topics. Share the mind map with the members of your decision making team, either by providing them with a share link or by inviting them to the map via email. Ask your collaborators for feedback. They can vote and comment on topics, or assign priorities using colors and icons. Create a secure share link to the finished communications plan map and paste it into your main project plan. Refer to the communications plan map throughout the project management phase and update it if necessary. Hereâs what a finished project communications plan can look like: Notice that a lot of topics have note icons next to them, indicating that additional information is stored there in the form of notes. While the mind map provides a great overview of the contents of the plan, it still manages to store a large amount of information that is readily available when needed. We hope you find this mind map template useful and will give it a try when working on your next project communications plan! Plan projects visually with MindMeister Get Started Its free! Get Started Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-66421221868738243862020-05-21T13:54:00.001-07:002020-05-21T13:54:03.189-07:00The Ethical And Management Issues - 1466 Words Introduction This report will address the ethical and management issues presented in the case studies Seven Eleven, Are organisationââ¬â¢s exploiting ââ¬Ënon-employeesââ¬â¢ and New and challenging HRM issues in China and India. The main ethical issues raised by these case studies are cultural diversity issues, discrimination and employee working conditions. Along with these ethical issues there are also management issues outlined Corporate Greed and an issue Human resource. This resulted in loss of thousands of dollar for the seven eleven employees, non-employees experiencing sudden loss of income due to casual and temporary work, and IT workers in India forced to work very long hours as well as poor working conditions in China. Recommendations onâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This practice was being continued because majority of workers were visa students who didnââ¬â¢t know their rights well and were threatened with deportation if they complained. Head office was deliberately ignori ng the systematic wage fraud and fabricating records in its operation according to a whistle-blower however the Founder and Chairman of Seven-Eleven Russel Withers (as cited in Ferguson 2016), denies the fact that Head office had this knowledge and states ââ¬Å"I did not know of widespread wage short-paymentâ⬠. The head office has allowed the underpayment of wages to employees because itââ¬â¢s a fundamental part of their business, and it kept store cost down increasing profits for franchisee and head office. A similar scandal represented in this case study is Volkswagen manufacturer was installing software to ensure falsely passed emission test involving over 7 million cars over a seven year period. This was mainly to increase sales but was illegally and unethical and now Volkswagens CEO are facing possible criminal charges. Working Condition Issue Working conditions ranges from the physical conditions to hours of work, rest periods and the mental demand that exist in a working environment. The working condition is clearly represented as an issue in the case study ââ¬ËNew and challenging HRM issues in China and Indiaââ¬â¢ where IT workers in India are expected to work very long hours and Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-63549349172908159962020-05-06T23:23:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:23:07.246-07:00Managing Tensions Inherent Of Business - 6389 Words Managing Tensions Inherent in Business (For-profit) and Social (Non-profit) Entrepreneurial Activities Introduction Over the past several decades, entrepreneurship has attracted considerable attention of scholars from various disciplines. However, the majority of studies conducted on this emerging field have placed special emphasis on business entrepreneurship in which profit-oriented logic is dominant (e.g., Erikson, 2001; Dejardin, 2011; Campbell Mitchell, 2012). On the other hand, social entrepreneurship, which focuses on fulfilling unmet socio-economic needs rather than individual profit seeking, has started to gain importance in recent years (e.g., Mair Martà , 2006; Schorr, 2006; Nicholls, 2006; Dacin, Dacin, Tracey; 2011). Surprisingly, the vast majority of research conducted on these two research streams has addressed business- and social entrepreneurship separately. This separation has led to a lack of studies on the contexts in which some entrepreneurs, who engage in both for-profit and non-profit entrepreneurial activities at the same time. Since these two entrepreneurial activitie s have their own characteristics and logics, I propose that they result in tensions and conflicts that the particular entrepreneur should try to manage. Following this proposition, this study takes a step toward filling the aforementioned void. Reviewing the extant literature on both business- and social entrepreneurship has led me to develop my research question as follows: HowShow MoreRelatedTeams : Teams Characteristics And Diversity1175 Words à |à 5 PagesMcGee, Jacqueline Rasheed and Brandon J. Smith In the business world today, teams have become essential for the effective and efficient execution of business functions. While the type of teams varies across industries, each team serves a specific function within the organization. The function determines the team member composition and the duration of the team. Team duration may be permanent, part-time, or temporary. Seven standard business teams have been identified: â⬠¢ Leadership; the purposeRead MoreMama Bear Case Analysis1448 Words à |à 6 PagesCase Analysis: Mama Bear Viewpoint: Mylene, Antonette, Mary Rose and Alalyn Time Context: I. Problem Statement What is the best thing to do in their current business situation? II. 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Religion impacts business and social interactions from meetings to greetings, holidays and community events and is an inherent factor of cultural values. A cultureââ¬â¢s belief systems are invaluable tools for encoding and reinforcing key value orientations within a given group or community, thereby lending it cohesiveness in outlook and perspective to the everyday challenges of life. Awareness of Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-32360939376010766252020-05-06T07:55:00.001-07:002020-05-06T07:55:35.913-07:00Moisture Content Experiment Free Essays Date: 09-02-2013 Experiment 1(a) Laboratory determination of water (moisture) content of a soil sample by oven drying method Reference: ASTM D2216-98 Need and scope of the experiment: In almost all soil tests natural moisture content of the soil is to be determined. The knowledge of the natural moisture content is essential in all studies of soil mechanics. To sight a few, natural moisture content is used in determining the bearing capacity and settlement. We will write a custom essay sample on Moisture Content Experiment or any similar topic only for you Order Now The natural moisture content will give an idea of the state of soil in the field. Apparatus: 1. Containers (Tin or Aluminum) with lids. 2. Balance, sensitive to 0. 01gm 3. Oven with accurate temperature control at 110 + 5oC (230 + 9oF) Discussion: 1. Moisture Content (w) It is defined as ââ¬Å"the ratio of the mass of the ââ¬Ëporeââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëfreeââ¬â¢ water in a given mass of material to the mass of the solid materialâ⬠. w=MwMs? 100 Mw = Mass of water in grams Ms = Mass of solid particles in grams (i. e. oven dried weight of soil) 2. Representative quantity of Test Specimen The minimum mass of moist material selected to be representative of the total sample shall be in accordance with the following: Maximum particle size (100% passing)| Standard Sieve Size| Recommended minimum mass of moist test specimen for water content reported to à ±0. 1%| Recommended minimum mass of moist test specimen for water content reported to à ±1%| 2 mm or less| No. 10| 20 g| 20 g| 4. 75 mm| No. 4| 100 g| 20 g| 9. 5 mm| 3/8-in. | 500 g| 50 g| 19. 0 mm| ? -in. | 2. 5 kg| 250 g| 37. 5 mm| 1? -in. | 10 kg| 1 kg| 75. 0 mm| 3-in. | 50 kg| 5 kg| NOTE-1If it is suspected that gypsum is present in the soil, the soil sample should not be subjected to a temperature beyond 80oC. Otherwise gypsum would lose its water of crystallization, thereby affecting the results of moisture content. Oven drying at 80oC may, however, be continued for a longer time in order to ensure complete evaporation of free water present in the sample. NOTE-2To assist the oven drying of large test samples, it is advisable to use containers having large surface area and break up the material into smaller aggregations. NOTE-3Since some dry materials may absorb moisture from moist specimens; the dried specimens should be removed before placing new wet soil samples in the oven. Procedure: 1. Take sufficient number. of empty, clean containers and mark them (if they are not marked) with an identifying number or code. 2. Weigh the container and record the weight as M1 to the nearest 0. 01gm. 3. Take representative sample from different depths (0. 25, 0. 5, 0. 75m) from the field. 4. Quickly place the representative sample of the wet soil in the container. . Immediately weigh the container with the wet soil sample to the nearest 0. 01 gm. Record the weight as M2. In case it is not feasible to determine the weight immediately, cover the container with a lid. 6. Place the container with the soil sample in the drying oven at constant temperature of 110+5oC for 24 hours (till constant weight is achieved). 7. After 24 hours remove the container from oven and weigh to the nearest 0. 01 gm. Record the weight as M3. Calculations: Mass of empty container = M1=4. 71(g) Mass of empty container + wet soil = M2= 43. 88(g) Mass of container + dry soil = M3=37. 41(g) Mass of water = Mw = M2 ââ¬â M3 = 6. 47(g) Mass of soil solids = Ms = M3 ââ¬â M1 = 33. 24(g) Moisture Content = w=MwMs? 100=M2-M3M3-M1? 100 Soil Moisture Content Determination: 1| Depth ( )| | 2| Soil Description| | 3| Container No. | 143| 4| Mass of empty container (M1), g| 4. 71| 5| Mass of Container + Wet Soil (M2), g| 43. 88| 6| Mass of Container + dry Soil (M3), g| 37. 41| 7| Moisture Content w = (M2 ââ¬â M3)/(M3 ââ¬â M1) %| 19. 46 %| Comments: ) Oven drying is a time taking process and not much accurate as speedy moisture meter. 2) It needs caring for long time in order to get the good results. 3) It needs attentions in case if some other material like Gypsum is present in the soil. In such cases temp. should have to be controlled otherwise the material may react and loose its water of crystallization which effects the results. 4) Above value of moisture content lies i n Normal moisture content range. 5) Date: 09-02-2013 Experiment 1(b) To determine moisture content of a soil sample by speedy moisture meter. Apparatus: 1. Speedy moisture meter (also called calcium carbide pressure moisture tester) 2. Built-in scale for weighing 3. Two 1. 25 inches (3. 175 cm) steel balls 4. Cleaning brush and cloth 5. Scoop for measuring calcium carbide reagent 6. Calcium carbide reagent Introduction: The calcium carbide gas moisture tester provides a quick and simple means of determining moisture content of soil. It is particularly useful for field determinations of moisture content in conjunction with field compaction testing. The basic premise of the calcium carbide gas moisture tester is that the free moisture in the soil reacts with calcium carbide reagent to form a gas called acetylene gas. CaC2+H2OCaO+C2H2 The acetylene gas pressure developed within the tester is displayed on the pressure dial gauge, which is calibrated to read directly moisture content (in %) by wet mass of soil. Since moisture content by definition is expressed as a percentage of dry mass of soil, the readings obtained by speedy moisture meter are corrected using the following expression: w=wsp1-wsp? 00 Where w = moisture content in %. wsp= moisture content as obtained by speedy moisture meter expressed as decimal fraction Procedure: 1. Weigh a 26 gram soil sample on the tarred scale and place it in the cap of the tester. 2. Place three scoops (approximately 24 gm) of calcium carbide and two 1. 25 in (3. 175cm) steel balls in the larger chamber of the moisture tester. 3. With the pressure vessel in an approximately horizontal positi on, insert cap in the pressure vessel and seal it by tightening the clamp. Take care that no carbide comes in contact with the soil until a complete seal is achieved. 4. Raise the moisture tester to a vertical position so that the soil in the cap will fall into the pressure vessel. 5. Shake the instrument vigorously so that all soil lumps are broken to permit the calcium carbide to react with all available free moisture. The instrument should be shaken with a rotating motion so that the steel balls will not damage the instrument or cause soil particles to become embedded in the orifice leading to pressure diaphragm. 6. When the needle stops moving, read the dial while holding the instrument in a horizontal position at eye level. 7. Record the dial reading. 8. With the cap of the instrument pointed away from the operator, slowly release the gas pressure. Empty the pressure vessel and examine the material for lumps. If the sample is not completely pulverized, the test should be repeated using a new sample. 9. The dial reading is the percent of moisture by wet mass and must be converted to dry mass. Note: If the moisture content of the sample exceeds the limit of the pressure gauge 20 percent moisture), use half of the soil mass and double the dial reading. Other methods of determining moisture content quickly: Other methods of measuring moisture content quickly include measurements by stove method and by micro wave oven methods. ASTM D4959-07 is used for measuring by stove method and ASTM D4643-08 is used to measure moisture my micro wave method. Results and Comments: Zero Error of Dial Gauge = 0. 8 Dial Gauge Reading = 17. 6 Corrected Dial Gauge Reading = 16. 8 Wsp = 0. 68 W (Moisture Content) = 20. 19 % * Speedy Moisture meter give better and faster result than the ordinary oven drying. * In this method the water present in soil reacts with calcium carbide and results in acetylene gas which in turn gives the value of moisture content. * Speedy moisture meter method is an efficient method as it doesnââ¬â¢t involve too much time for its performance. It is used when tests are performed in the field. * Moisture content effects the soil resistivity, soil compaction and soil shear strength. How to cite Moisture Content Experiment, Essay examples Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-70004600199196806312020-04-25T03:37:00.001-07:002020-04-25T03:37:02.951-07:00The Sad Experience of Maus maus Essay Example For Students The Sad Experience of Maus maus Essay The Experience of Maus The experience of being in the Holocaust is hard to imagine. The physical pain and fear that a survivor of the Holocaust felt could never fully be understood by anyone other than a fellow survivor. The children of survivors may not feel the physical pain and agony as their parents did, but they do feel the psychological effects. For this reason Artie and his father could never connect. The Holocaust built a wall between them that was hard to climb. Artie makes an attempt to overcome the wall between him and his father by writing the comic Maus about his fathers life in hopes to grow closer to him and understand him better, yet he struggles in looking past his fathers picky habits and hypocritical attitude. Arties father, Valdek, as he knew him growing up was stingy. We will write a custom essay on The Sad Experience of Maus maus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now He was stingy with money, food, matches, and even toothpicks. All the food on his plate had to be eaten, or it would be served to him the next night and the night after that until it was gone. Valdeks obsessive behavior about not wasting anything aggravated Artie to no end. He grabs paper towels from restrooms so he wont have to buy napkins or tissues, vented Artie to his stepmother. Once Artie used an extra match and Valdek yelled at him for his wastefulness. His life could never compare to how hard Valdeks was, and this bothered Artie. At the very opening of the story, Artie cries because his friends leave him when he falls off his skates and his father tells him that, If you lock them together in a room with no food for a week then you could see what it is, friends! All things relate to the Holocaust for Valdek and this makes Artie feel guilty for not having such a hard life and for that feeling of guilt Artie becomes angry and distances himself from his father. In Maus II, Artie talks to his therapist and confides in him, I mainly remember arguing with him and being told that I couldnt do anything as well as he could. Such bitterness built up in him, further creating the wall between him and his father; it also created a wall between him and his past. Arties fathers annoying habits somewhat lead to bad habits in Artie. Artie is a chain smoker. It relieves his tension. He is almost always seen lighting a cigarette when talking with his father. A scene in the story that truly encouraged Arties smoking habit was the event when Arties wife picked up a black hitchhiker. This very much disturbed Valdek. He viewed all blacks as thieves. Arties wife, Francois, barked back exactly what Artie was thinking, thats outrageous! How can you, of all people, be such a racist! You talk about blacks the way the Nazis talked about the Jews! Artie simply glared as if his wife took the words right out of his mouth, and reached for a cigarette to calm his nerves. Valdeks obsessive acts of saving and having everything in its place were almost all that Artie could take, not to mention his hypercritical attitude. Years and years of this built up in Artie. This may have been large reason for him being sent to the state mental hospital. Not long after his return from the hospital, his mother committed suicide. He was expected to take care of his father, who not only lost his wife, but the person that he shared the experience of the Holocaust with and that was something he could not deal with because he did not understand it. To deal with his mothers suicide, Artie created the comic Prisoner on the Hell Planet, which allowed him to express and sort out his emotions surrounding the event. However, the tension his father created in his life still plagued him. .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd , .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .postImageUrl , .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd , .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd:hover , .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd:visited , .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd:active { border:0!important; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd:active , .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4dd13d5bacea5dd60bd20067a637dadd:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: college tuition Essay As a result he wrote Maus. It not only allowed him to enter into his fathers world, but also gave him an objective view of his relationship with his father. He spent many afternoons with his father in his pursuit of understanding. He became aware of the events in his fathers past, but still could not comprehend why his father could not put it behind him. He could not understand why other survivors of the Holocaust could move on, but his father could not. Artie is overwhelmed by the events of his life. He is dealing with the death of his mother, and a father who cant let go of the past. He longs to understand the world of his father and talk to him once without arguing, but the walls have been built up too high that even after his fathers death, although more enlightened, he is just as confused as to who his father was. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-50759941599796319872020-03-18T01:32:00.001-07:002020-03-18T01:32:02.948-07:00Tianamen Square essaysTianamen Square essays Tiananmen Square is where thousands of Chinese people gathered to try to overthrow the Chinese government. Every writer there witnessed and viewed this event in his or her own way. The writers different versions contradicted so much the audience had every reason to be confused over what really happened. The goal of these writers was to persuade the audience to see this event the way the writer saw it. This event in history can show readers how one event that happened only one way, can be told in many different ways. The Beijing Review interviewed a Chinese Military Official, naturally his story will favor the Chinese government. The leaders of the revolt were referred to as bad people; these bad people were accused of influencing the students and viewers to shamefully overthrow the government. This official also said that their losses were great because of the good mingling with the bad, this caused a mass state of confusion resulting in personal loss. He then made it look like the government assault on the people was necessary, and this showed the integrity of the peoples army. A writer for the New York Times wrote from a neutral perspective. This writer didnt take a side or judge either group. The writer just gave a story from what he or she eye witnessed. This version was descriptive and filled with facts. The writer also explains why the revolt was taking place. The Military Official sided with the government, and the New York Times Writer was neutral. The Official labeled people the Times writer did not. The Official used his opinions in his version. The Times writer used facts to demonstrate his or her eye witnessed account. Both writers wrote about things they saw during the event to prove a point, like when the tank drivers were forced from safety by fire then beaten when they would evacuate. After all the versions were viewed the audience couldn ... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-77446242262282013462020-03-01T17:16:00.001-08:002020-03-01T17:16:02.292-08:00Composites In Boeings 787 DreamlinerComposites In Boeing's 787 Dreamliner What is the average density of the materials used in a modern airliner? Whatever it is, the reduction in average density has been huge since the Wright Brothers flew the first practical airplane. The drive to reduce weight in airplanes is aggressive and continuous and accelerated by rapidly climbing fuel prices. This drive lowers specific fuel costs, improves the range/payload equation and helps the environment. Composites play a major part in modern airplanes and the Boeing Dreamliner is no exception in maintaining the decreasing weight trend. Composites and Weight Reduction The Douglas DC3 (dating back to 1936) had a take-off weight of about 25,200 pounds with a passenger complement of about 25. With a maximum payload range of 350 miles, thats about 3 pounds per passenger mile. The Boeing Dreamliner has a take-off weight of 550,000 pounds carrying 290 passengers. With a fully loaded range of over 8,000 miles, thats roughly à ¼ pound per passenger mile - 1100% better! Jet engines, better design, weight saving technology such as fly by wire - all have contributed to the quantum leap - but composites have had a huge part to play. They are used in the Dreamliner airframe, the engines, and many other components. Use of Composites in the Dreamliner Airframe The Dreamliner has an airframe comprising nearly 50% carbon fiber reinforced plastic and other composites. This approach offers weight savings on average of 20 per cent compared to more conventional (and outdated) aluminum designs. Composites in the airframe have maintenance advantages too. A typically bonded repair may require 24 or more hours of airplane downtime but Boeing has developed a new line of maintenance repair capability that requires less than an hour to apply. This speedy technique offers the possibility for temporary repairs and a quick turnaround whereas such minor damage might have grounded an aluminum airplane. That is an intriguing perspective. The fuselage is constructed in tubular segments which are then joined together during final assembly. The use of composites is said to save 50,000 rivets per plane. Each rivet site would have required maintenance checking as a potential failure location. And thats just rivets! Composites in the Engines The Dreamliner has GE (GEnx-1B) and Rolls Royce (Trent 1000) engine options, and both use composites extensively. The nacelles (inlet and fan cowls) are an obvious candidate for composites. However, composites are even used in the fan blades of the GE engines. The blade technology has advanced tremendously since the days of the Rolls-Royce RB211. The early technology bankrupted the company in 1971 when its Hyfil carbon fiber fan blades failed in bird strike tests. General Electric has led the way with titanium-tipped composite fan blade technology since 1995. In the Dreamliner power plant, composites are used for the first 5 stages of the 7 stage low-pressure turbine. More About Less Weight What about some numbers? The GE power plants light weight fan containment case reduces aircraft weight by 1200 pounds (more than à ½ ton). The case is reinforced with carbon fiber braid. That is just the fan case weight saving, and it is an important indicator of the strength/weight benefits of composites. This is because a fan case has to contain all debris in case of a fan failure. If it will not contain the debris then the engine cannot be certified for flight. Weight saved in blade turbine blades also saves weight in the required containment case and rotors. This multiplies its saving and improving its power/weight ratio. In total each Dreamliner contains about 70,000 pounds (33 tons) of carbon fiber reinforced plastic - of which about 45,000 (20 tons) pounds is carbon fiber. Conclusion The early design and production problems of using composites in airplanes have now been overcome. The Dreamliner is at the peak of airplane fuel efficiency, minimized environmental impact and safety. With reduced component counts, lower levels of maintenance checking and greater airtime, the support costs are significantly reduced for airline operators. From fan blades to fuselage, wings to washrooms, the Dreamliners efficiency would be impossible without advanced composites. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-14607652847521338642020-02-14T08:42:00.001-08:002020-02-14T08:42:03.101-08:00Tokyo vs Bangkok Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsTokyo vs Bangkok - Essay Example Bangkok and Tokyo are about 3000 miles apart and similar yet different in many ways. They both have rivers passing through them and both lie close to bays and are both very rich as far as culture is concerned. Economically, Tokyo is superior to Thailand and had a higher cost of living too. Bangkok however, has a more metropolitan look than Tokyo since it has allowed many immigrants to live and work within the city. Tokyo has very tighter immigration laws and foreigners hold virtually no special rights in Tokyo. There is more of intercultural mixing in Bangkok. Bangkok is located in the very central part of Thailand and this makes it a natural hub between the southern and northern Thailand. Bangkokââ¬â¢s location around the Chao Phraya delta has earned it the title of being Asiaââ¬â¢s Rice bowl. This is because the river creates a fertile valley in which a lot of rice is grown and mostly exported. Bangkokââ¬â¢s position near a bay has enabled it host Thailandââ¬â¢s main international port. The city lies approximately six and a half feet above sea level, and this works as a disadvantage to the city whenever the season of monsoon rains begin. The rains cause River Chao Phraya to burst its banks and massively flood the city. The cityââ¬â¢s climate is hot and warm almost all year round and this is probably why it is so popular with tourism. It has even been labeled to be the hottest city in the world. According to Mansfield, Tokyo occupies a huge swath of sedimentary deposits of the Kanto Plain which is in Honshu, the most populo us and largest island in Japan. The city is situated on the coast of the eastern Pacific and its main features are the flatlands to its east, undulating hills to its west and the Sumida River. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-92016052867780594842020-02-01T18:40:00.001-08:002020-02-01T18:40:03.194-08:00Anatomy of a Family Law Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsAnatomy of a Family Law Case - Research Paper Example The status of each member chances when the couple enters into the marriage agreement (Folberg, & Milne, 2000). For instance, the man becomes a husband and the woman becomes a wife. It gives the husband new responsibilities and rights as well as the woman. Legally, a marriage is greatly honored since it is perceived to be the basis of the family. Traditionalists view a marriage as the as the starting point of preserving moral status in the community. It is in the view of traditional ethics that in a marriage, the husband provides support of the family by providing the necessary requirements like food, clothing, and shelter among other essentials. On the other hand, the wife has the obligation of serving her husband and the family at large. She has the duty to take care of the children, maintaining the house, living in the home and engaging in sexual activities with her husband. The current law has tried to modify traditional functions of the married people since many women have joined the working forces in large numbers. Husbands on the other hand engage in taking care of children and taking care of their homes while their wives are at work. Any individual who may require making alterations in the marriage agreement must do it in accordance with the law. ... The laws protect all marriages whether the couple may be interested or not. Legal rights and benefits of a married couple There are several benefits and rights that one gets when they are married. The society treats the couple as a grown up and one can get priorities while making medical resolutions and receive assistance on behalf of the other family member. It includes rights that may need attorney and other related legal requirements. Social security, medical and disability benefits can be paid to a spouse as well as military and veteran benefits. All employers usually include spouses of their employees to insurance plans, a service that unmarried people cannot receive. The employers also provide bereavement leave for married people to attend funeral programs of their members and allow a spouse to care for the other during illness. Marriage gives a partner the right to visit a spouse in jail or in hospital and sue somebody on behalf of him or her (Ahrons, 2004). Spouses that divor ce are entitled to sharing of the property of the community according to legal requirement of most of the nations. In case of death of one spouse, the other spouse is entitled to organize funeral preparations without intimidation of any form. The married couple is allowed to file a joint tax return and get the ability to organize for partnership to raise capital for business operations (Bohannan, 2005). Ending a Marriage According to the Law of California any individual who wish to file a divorce or separation must reside from a different residence from his or her partner for one full year before the process begins. It gives the spouses an opportunity to reconsider their stands before annulment. The annulment determines that the marriage did not Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-42107271303589729792020-01-24T15:03:00.001-08:002020-01-24T15:03:01.951-08:00Brief History of Sustainability :: Environment Economy Sustainable DevelopmentA Brief History of "Sustainability" ââ¬Å"[M]odern industries still operate according to paradigms that developed when humans had a very different sense of the worldâ⬠(McDonough and Braungart 26)ââ¬âwhen resources were thought to be infinite. In 1972 the UN convened the Conference on the Human Environment where ââ¬Å"the global community acknowledged that more exploration was needed of the inter-relationships between the environment and socio-economic issues of poverty and underdevelopment. Thus the concept of sustainable development emerged in the 1980s in response to a growing realization of the need to balance economic and social progress with concern for the environment and the stewardship of natural resourcesâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Education,â⬠par. 2). The concept of sustainability has since permeated the globe. It is integrated within curricula or used to refer to ââ¬Å"greenâ⬠campus initiatives at numerous international and national universities, including: Yale, Stanford, Harvard, Arizona State University, UMass Lowell (Lowell Center for Sustainable Production), UMass Amherst, UMass Boston, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, University of Alaska Anchorage, George Washington University, and Colombia. MIT is part of an international partnership called the Alliance for Global Sustainability. Created in 1997, the Alliance ââ¬Å"brings together hundreds of university scientists, engineers, and social scientists to address complex issues that lie at the intersection of environmental, economic and social goalsâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Allianceâ⬠). In 1999 Dow Jones launched Sustainability Indexes, which are ââ¬Å"the first global indexes tracking the financial performance of the leading sustainability-driven companies worldwideâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Dowâ⬠). By 2002, at the UN Johannesburg Summit, social justice and poverty were recognized as ââ¬Å"key principles to development that is sustainable. The human and social aspects of sustainable development meant that solidarity, equity, partnership and cooperation were as crucial as scientific approaches to environmental protectionâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Education,â⬠par. 6). At the 2002 Summit, the United Nations General Assembly declared years 2005ââ¬â2014 the Decade for Education for Sustainable Development ââ¬Å"as a way of signalling that education and learning lie at the heart of approaches to sustainable developmentâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Education,â⬠par. 6). According to the UN Educational, Social, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), ââ¬Å"Improving the quality of education and reorienting its goals to recognize the importance of sustainable development must be one of UNESCOââ¬â¢s and the worldââ¬â¢s highest prioritiesâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Education,â⬠par. 10). The Association of University Leaders for Sustainable Development, whose mission is to ââ¬Å"make sustainability a major focus of teaching, research, operations and outreach at colleges and universities worldwideâ⬠(ââ¬Å"Aboutâ⬠), has partnered with the International Association of Universities and UNESCO. ââ¬Å"The rationale for Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-6233867650069543142020-01-16T11:26:00.001-08:002020-01-16T11:26:06.168-08:00The Negative Effects of a CellphoneWhen the first cellular phone was invented, its uses only went as far as a phone call. As time and technology advanced, so did the development of the cell phone. A basic phone today can make calls, take photos and videos and even function as a GPS. But with the advantages comes the disadvantages. The increased use of cell phones has had a negative influence on society. For example, the use of cellphones has limited socializing, the demand and costs have affected consumers negatively and they have also been a common factor in many car accidents, including fatalities. The dependency of cellphones has had a negative social effect.The cell phone is probably one of the most commonly owned devices in America. ââ¬Å"75% of all American teens ages 12-17 own a cell phone, and 66% use their phones to send or receive text messages. â⬠(Madden and Lenhart 2) The cell phone has become the primary source of communication for many people. The simplicity of typing a message, or making a phone call rather than relaying that message in person has resulted in a disconnect from society for many people. ââ¬Å"Reliance on a relatively quick and cheap form of interaction means that we might dispense with the longer and more ponderous process of a personal visit. (Ling 185). So, although you may communicate more often through cellphones, the physical part of a relationship is neglected. As a result of depending on cellphones as a main source of communication one may, in a sense, forfeit a substantial portion of a much needed social life. Moreover, socializing is an acquired ability, an ability that is significant in the growth and maturation of children and teens. The over use of cellphones can impede one from fully exercising these abilities. A large number of people own and use cellphones regularly. So much so that it has become a societal norm.Almost every place one may go cell phones are practically expected of them. For example, at some doctorsââ¬â¢ offices they offer a free texting service to remind a patient of any appointment that he or she may have. Many clothing and grocery stores offer coupons and sales alerts that can be sent directly to a mobile device. But the problem comes when not everyone can afford to keep up with what society has labeled to be ââ¬Å"the norm. â⬠There are many people who cannot afford to buy a phone let alone afford a phone bill every month. The cost for cellular service is xpensive and always increasing. According to a survey, ââ¬Å"Of the 1,400 readers who responded, 80 noted their bill was between $190 and $210. On average, that group had 3. 1 phones, meaning the cost is about $65 per phone. People with bills near $250 paid $67 per phoneâ⬠(Sullivan). As a result, a number of people reported that they felt the need budget and cut back in order to afford a phone bill. Unfortunately, society essentially requires people to have a cell phone, even with cut backs and budgeting, having a cell phone is not fi nancially realistic for everyone.The use of cellphones has shown to be very dangerous to drivers and their passengers. This is mainly due to the increase in texting and driving as well as the amount of phone calls made while behind the wheel. According to Madden and Lenhart, 52% of cell phone owning teens ages 16-17 say they have talked on a cell phone while driving. That translates into 43% of all American teens ages 16-17 (2). With such a high percentage of distracted drivers, the likelihood of accidents, with and without fatalities has also increased. In 2008 alone, there were 5,870 fatalities and an estimated 515,000 people were injured in police reported crashes in which at least one form of driver distraction was reportedâ⬠(Madden and Lenhart 3). Every time a driver decides to use a cell phone while operating a vehicle, they are not only putting their lives in danger, but also the lives of their passengers, pedestrians, and other drivers. Since the invention of the cell phone, its uses and capabilities have become a part of an everyday American life, an everyday life which cell phones has impacted society negatively.With an increased dependency on the cell phone, society and its growth have experienced major setbacks. Socialization, personal financials, and automotive drivers have all been effected in negative ways. This is mainly because the cell phone has evolved and is now made to do nearly anything one may think of. So although the cellphone was intended to help with oneââ¬â¢s everyday life, what seems like a good idea at first may not affect society positively in the long run. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-2895495586354514942020-01-08T07:49:00.001-08:002020-01-08T07:49:02.160-08:00The Effects Of Clinical Depression On An Individual s... There is never ending research in the field of dreaming. Social scientists and psychologists are so keen to delve into the workings of the unconscious brain, resulting in countless breakthroughs and theories as to why and how we dream. There is an article about the effect of clinical depression on an individualââ¬â¢s dreaming. It has been found that people suffering from depression dream three times more than those without depression. This is due to the higher levels of emotional arousal to get out of their system. ââ¬Å"Depression causes (and is caused by) a lot of emotionally-arousing introspection, or rumination, that endless sort of worrying that never seems to go anywhere and just makes you feel bad...Dreaming literally takes the ââ¬Ëchargeââ¬â¢ outâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦The subtopic that I will be analyzing is the Continuity Hypothesis. This theory states that the content of our dreams reflects our everyday waking experiences. For example, the people we see on a daily basis such as our family, close friends, or coworkers are usually the main characters in our dreams. This theory suggests that since the recent experiences of your life are not yet ââ¬Ëfiled awayââ¬â¢ deep in your brain yet, they are easy to manipulate into clear images and plot lines. In 1972, this hypothesis was presented by Calvin Hall, an American psychologist. He was the first dream researcher to suggest that the daily concerns and happenings of the dreamerââ¬â¢s life could be mirrored in their dreams as opposed to the popular belief that hidden libidinal (the instinctual energies and desires that are derived from the id) wishes or offsetting emotional strategies as proposed by psychodynamic theorists like Freud and Jung. Hall devised this theory through standardized dream content scoring inventories. He used this method to demonstrate that the most frequently occurring images or ideas were not peculiar events but rather routine social interactions between the dreamer and their most regular acquaintances. The psychological factors that affect oneââ¬â¢s dreaming would be any type of mental disorder such as depression, anxiety, multiple Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-26914438508544120222019-12-31T04:14:00.001-08:002019-12-31T04:14:04.350-08:00Essay about A Mercy Notes - 4980 Words Some notes for Toni Morrisons novel A Mercy (2008) Part 1: Page and chapter numbers by day for the current edition we are using: Date Chapters Old numbers New Numbers Day 30, Weds. 11/14/12 1-4 1-66 3-78 Day 31, Fri., 11/16/12 5-8 67-134 79-158 Day 32, Mon 11/19/12 9-12 135-167 159-196 Part 2: Chronology of Events Before the story begins, the Blacksmithââ¬â¢s male line has passed down from father to son the art of smelting ore into iron in Africa in termite mines. The Blacksmith may have been captured in pirate raids upon slave ships, and sold in the Americas as an indentured servant. His demeanor in the novel suggests that he was probably at least adolescent when captured, as he does not seem as alienated from hisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Jacob decides to build himself a magnificent house. In the commotion of building, his one surviving and thriving child, 5-year-old Patrician is kicked in the head by a horse and dies in winter. She must be buried twice, because the ground is too hard to dig her grave at the time of her death. 1689 The Blacksmith arrives to work on the gates to the third house Jacob is building. Florens is smitten with him. While at work on the gates, the Blacksmith successfully treated the boils Sorrow seems to develop as a chronic, pesky (but not lethal) medical condition. 1690 Jacob dies of pox, his dying wish to be carried into the third house he has built. Rebekkah feels pox sores in her mouth, and by morning she is in full outbreak. Florens is sent to fetch the Blacksmith to cure Rebekkah. She travels by wagon. When her fellow-passengers desert the wagon at nightfall, Florens takes off by foot to find the Blacksmith. Lina briefly meets the runaways in the forest. Part 3: Historical Notes by Chapter Chapter 1 Signs; ââ¬Å"when a dogââ¬â¢s profile plays in the steam of a kettleâ⬠Florens is ââ¬Å"reading signs.â⬠That is, she is interpreting something unusual in the natural world that seems to correspond with a supernatural way of knowing the world, beyond that accessible to the rational senses. The literary source of this practice is most likely twofold. Henry Louis Gates Jr., in Figures in Black: Words, Signs, and the ââ¬Å"Racialâ⬠Self (1989) chooses asShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Merchant of Venice by William Shakespeare875 Words à |à 4 Pagesprince of Morocco, who has come in an attempt to choose the right casket to marry her, he chooses the wrong casket and loses her hand in marriage (Spark Notes: Plot Overview). 3 of the most important things in the play are how people that look nice on the outside may be rotten and mean at heart, giving mercy to enemies may turn back on you (Spark Notes: Themes, Motifs Symbols, par. 3), and how people treat other people based on their religions or beliefs. I realized in this play that people that lookRead MoreEssay about Timeless Work: an Analysis of Marvin Gaye1053 Words à |à 5 Pagesquieted or attacked. In the song ââ¬Å"Mercy, Mercy Meâ⬠, imagery and symbolism exist as two key archetypes that draw out the elements of pathos in Gayeââ¬â¢s lyrics. The 1960ââ¬â¢s environmentalist, also known as Hippies, opened Americaââ¬â¢s eyes and revealed the gruesome lack of respect they exhibited towards the Earth. Ignorant Americans used the planet as a dumping ground, unaware of the catastrophic outcomes. Gaye wrote ââ¬Å"Mercy, Mercy Meâ⬠from an environmentalists perspective and depicts aRead MoreMercys Mission And Values Statement1220 Words à |à 5 PagesUniversity of Pittsburgh Medical Center- Mercy, commonly known as UPMC Mercy, was founded on Jan. 1, 1847, by the Sisters of Mercy. It was formerly known as Mercy Hospital of Pittsburgh. ââ¬Å"The Sisters of Mercy, a religious congregation founded in Ireland in 1831 by Catherine McAuley, brought its caring and compassionate labors to burgeoning, industrial Pittsburgh in 1843.â⬠(UPMC Mercy, 2015) The Pittsbu rgh congregation, known as the ââ¬Å"Seven Sisters of Mercy,â⬠was led by Mother Frances Warde and consistedRead MoreMercy Corps s A Natural Disaster, Economy Failure Or Corruption1056 Words à |à 5 PagesSince 1979, Mercy Corps has responded to Global disasters, whether itââ¬â¢s a natural disaster, economy failure or corruption. Mercy Corps is there as a global aid to assist with shelter, food, and water. Over the years, they have provided aid for over 40 countries and try to help them build stronger communities. We believe secure, productive and just societies emerge when the private, public, and civil society sectors are able to interact with accountability, inclusive participation and mechanisms forRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s The Merchant Of Venice929 Words à |à 4 Pageslegal system, was well aware of certain contentious arguing points concerning the courts of the day, as well as the impact of these points on the average citizen. I will point out certain instanc es where the rule of law should have been over ruled by mercy or fairness, and the consequences to an individual when equity is ignored and the rule of law is followed without judgment. I also will also attempt to draw parallels between the points raised in ââ¬Å"The Merchant of Veniceâ⬠and today s legal system.Read MoreThe Ethics Of Being A School Administrator Essay1542 Words à |à 7 Pagesthat will be important in the future, then share with you some advice for future administrators, and lastly, make some notes on handbooks and how to make effective changes. Future Issues in School Law One issue that Ms. Regan foresees involves transgender laws. These types of laws would affect many sections of the school, in particular, single sex schools and athletics. With Mercy being a same sex (all girls) high school, we have not run into an issue thus far but she predicts this will become anRead MoreMusical Hybridization: Surveying Guillaume1653 Words à |à 7 Pagestiming for Dufay learning about and implementing Fauxbourdon harmonizes with Vergene Bella, supposedly composed in the early 1420ââ¬â¢s. For example, observe measures 86-87 in Vergene Bella. Vergene Bella, measures 85-87 In the middle of measure 86, note that the middle line parallels the lower tenor a third above. The discantus, though embellished contains seventh suspensions, resolving to sixth intervals, creating the 6/3 chords characteristic of Fauxbourdon. In addition, survey measures 61-63. Read MoreSchool Laws And Other Education Related Legal Information Essay1560 Words à |à 7 Pagesschool law issues that will impact the future, then share some advice for upcoming administrators, and lastly, make some notes on handbooks and how to make effective changes. Future Issues in School Law One issue that Ms. Regan foresees involves transgender laws. These types of laws would affect many aspects of the school, in particular, single sex schools and athletics. With Mercy being a same sex (all girls) high school, we have not run into an issue thus far but she predicts this will become anRead MoreSleeping With Alcohol : A Substance As An Addiction Essay980 Words à |à 4 Pageshealth. Aside from the obvious tolls that excessive drinking has on the body, Steinerââ¬â¢s partnerââ¬â¢s mental well-being is hurt by her consumption of alcohol in that her determination of self-worth is skewed by general perceptions of drinking. As Steiner notes, ââ¬Å"She (her partner) refers to herself as a drunkâ⬠(253), and later laments the fact that she may be perceived as such: ââ¬Å"God forbid I should sound like an idiot and a drunkâ⬠(260). By placing the negative connotations of the titles of drunk and idiotRead MoreTender Mercies1099 Words à |à 5 Pages#8220;Tende r Mercies,#8221; written by Horton Foote, is a screenplay, which presents to the reader ordinary people, who are trying to live decently in an unpredictable and violent world. The reader comes to be aware of many dramatic scenes where the central characters have come to experience many complex but yet fascinating situations in their lives. Reading this screenplay the reader will come to acknowledge one of the centralized themes in #8220;Tender Mercies,#8221; which is the theme of Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-68923088873584975172019-12-23T00:01:00.001-08:002019-12-23T00:01:04.708-08:00Regency Era Customs - 857 Words Social Customs in the Regency Era The Regency era was a time which depicted prosperity and bona fidelity. Having a sense of propriety was a must in the era of Jane Austen. Social customs in the Regency era was one of the most principal activities when interacting with one another, including body language (Sanborn). These customs were expressed through characters from Jane Austen herself (Ray 236). When socializing it was important to have the proper manners, properly coming out, and becoming a gentleman. Jane Austen expresses the customs of the Regency era through her characters and their attitudes (Kastan). Introducing oneself to another without proper introduction from a mutual acquaintance was frowned upon (Sanborn). An example ofâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Though addressing those of higher status than one was considered proper, it was frowned upon to repeatedly address one in a formal manner (Pool 43). When socializing it was very important to consider who one is speaking to a nd how one is speaking. Once a gentry girl, a young girl of the upper class, turned the age of sixteen she was officially bride material. The year of coming out for a gentry lady was exciting and eye opening. A young lady would make her official debut of coming out at a formal ball which included new and old acquaintances, friends, and family. To prepare for her debut at a coming out ball, the young gentry girlââ¬â¢s parents purchased a new gown, jewelry, and even took a bit longer than usual to do her hair with the latest trends (Ray 114). There are a few signs of a young girlââ¬â¢s coming out and discovering a new perspective on life. Attending many balls and parties, display great amounts of confidence when socializing, and walking with a gentleman were signs of coming out (Ray 116). The young gentry girls were not allowed to call on themselves and the gentlemen were not allowed to pay attention to the younger gentry girls which had not yet come out (Ray 114). Though these young ladies were now seen as mature, they still required a chaperone by their side at social gatherings (Ray 115). Coming out was an exciting newShow MoreRelatedGender Roles . Regency England Is The Time Period In England1544 Words à |à 7 PagesGender Roles Regency England is the time period in England from 1811 to 1820 in which neoclassical ideas resurged, creating distinctive trends in architecture, clothes, furniture, literature, and politics, establishing a new style of society. This time period is specifically distinguished as between the ââ¬Å"Georgian Eraâ⬠and the ââ¬Å"Victorian Era.â⬠Ultimately Englandââ¬â¢s society as an aeon acclaimed for its fine arts came new economic, social, and political changes. Specifically, females were given newRead MoreJane Austins Pride and Prejudice: A Famous Work of Englands Regency Period 1636 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Regency Period in England was an extravagant era often associated with prominent social, political, economic, and artistic advancements. It took place in the early 1800ââ¬â¢s and was a time of much elegance and aristocracy. Movies and books set in this time period all seem to highlight the elegance and romance that was prevalent at the time. Famous Regency Era literary works, such as Pride and Prejudice, portray young English women getting their happily-ever-after endings with their true loves. UnfortunatelyRead MoreVictorian Influence on Womens Fashions Essay1324 Words à |à 6 PagesBefore Research Before the Victorian Era, the main focus of fashion was for men. Womenââ¬â¢sââ¬â¢ fashion changed some, but the general idea of long skirts, tight bodices, and heavy fabrics stayed consistent. Real changes to style and fashion were not made until about the 1840ââ¬â¢s, when Queen Victoria came into power. After her rise to Queen, the fashions began to change dramatically. Pride and Prejudice is a book written in this time, and the fashion is clearly visible. Looking at fashion of the time canRead MoreWomen During The Medieval Era Essay1535 Words à |à 7 PagesWomen withstood a multitude of limitations in the medieval era. Due to the political, social, and religious restrictions women encountered, historians neglected to realize that they demonstrated agency. The female experience is something that has been overlooked until recently. Unfortunately, without the knowledge of how women found ways to exert their power, we are experiencing a deficit of knowledge in this period. T hrough the close examination of the primary sources: The Gospel of Mary, Dhoudaââ¬â¢sRead MoreSocial Classes In Pride And Prejudice And Jane Eyre1605 Words à |à 7 PagesPride and Prejudice exemplifies the dominance a male has over a female which is important within the view of social class. It is describing the things a woman should do which is a form of control and domination. This is significant due to within the era and setting this novel was created, this is exactly how women lived their lives; abiding by a male figure which was usually their father or husband. ââ¬Å"Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exerciseRead MoreJane Austen And Charlotte Bronte s Social Class1748 Words à |à 7 Pagesword will be but half deserved.â⬠(Pride and Prejuidce, chapter 32) This quote taken from Pride and Prejuidce examplifies the dominance a male has over a female. It is describing the things a woman should do which is a form of control and within the era and setting this novel was created, this is exactly how women lived their lives; obiding by a male figure. ââ¬Å"Women are supposed to be very calm generally: but women feel just as men feel; they need exercise for their faculties, and a field for theirRead MorePride and Prejudice and A Midsummer Nights Dream1851 Words à |à 8 PagesElizabeth Bennet since the latter was the object of Darcys affections in the novel. Mr. Darcy, a tall handsome man of noble mien who is earning ten thousand a year and resides at Pemberley, a large estate located at Derbyshire. Scholars of the English Regency believes that Jane Austen based Mr. Darcys fictional estate on the Chatwsworth House, during her stay in Bakewell, a small market town near Chatsworth House. Chatsworth House is the home of the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, and the building itselfRead MoreA Brief Biography of Lord Byron Essay2200 Words à |à 9 Pagespeople than any other intellectual creation of man. In fact, many of the most compelling works of literature come from George Gordon Byron (The sixth Lord Byron) , who is considered on e of the most instrumental Romantic Writers of all time and in his era was incredibly renowned for his dramatic, lyrical, and narrative works. He is famous for writing eight diverse plays, despite the the fact they were not designed for stage, on very speculative and historical subjects. Through his writing style, heRead MoreBrief History of Prostitution3302 Words à |à 14 Pagesthe oldest trade in the world; the Europeans admitted to it during the colonial years. In some European societies, prostitution was associated with the notion of hospitality ââ¬â various women of the house were offered to guests passing through. This custom used to exist in Chaldea, in India, in Egypt and throughout the Orient. Such sexual hospitality sometimes even implied a religious aspect that was organized by the priests of certain gods and from which they benefited. Sacred prostitutes were notRead MoreHotel Industry4982 Words à |à 20 Pagesthe creation of the lobby followed shortly thereaf ter. The business of providing strangers with hospitable means has come along way. What once was a service to fellow man is now the foundation numerous economies throughout the world. The modern era of the hotel industry saw its beginnings in 1794 New York where the first ever hotel was built. Profit potential was recognized with the inception of the industrial revolution. Stock companies invested in hotels seeking profit from property value appreciation Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-10912990030598120372019-12-14T20:30:00.001-08:002019-12-14T20:30:04.271-08:00American Women Free Essays Human sexuality can be seen as the way human beings experience their sexuality and express it. This results from their individual awareness as indicated by their biological sex and how they respond to erotic experiences. Human sexuality has however appeared as a thorny issue with many societies either ignoring to talk about it or shying away of the whole topic of sexuality. We will write a custom essay sample on American Women or any similar topic only for you Order Now Due to the negative impacts that have resulted from this behavior, governments have come up with policies that are aimed at addressing human sexuality related problems. The increase in the number of HIV/AIDS victims in the world has triggered the discussion amount human sexuality. Research indicates that women are mo vulnerable to contracting venereal diseases including HIV/AIDS. Efforts to minimize the spread of the diseases have not actually succeeded as expected. The most neglected groups of people in matters of human sexuality in America includes single women and women in cohabiting relationships. The fear to contract to avoid unexpected pregnancies has led to masturbation with others engaging in homosexuality. This paper examines single motherhood, cohabitation, STDââ¬â¢s, masturbation and sexual preferences among American women. According to a research carried out by Lindberg L. D and Singh S, single American women exceed eighteen million in number. Statistics further reveal that in the age bracket of women between 19 and 45 are single. Ninety percent of these single ladies ââ¬Å"are sexually experiencedâ⬠. Shockingly, 22 percent of the single women and 2 percent of the married engage in sex with more than one partners. Over 50% of single American women get pregnant unintentionally. For those single women, getting health insurance is more difficulty for them as compared to the married. This indicates that single American women greatly indulge in sex. Despite all these findings ââ¬Å"reproductive health care needsâ⬠of American women has not been upgraded to cater for the increased needs. Furthermore, the American society lacks appropriate counseling services. The government effort to discourage single women to abstain and wait until the time they get married has proved to be futile. It has therefore been realized that proper policies to address the issue are yet to be put in place. Single women have been ignored in matters of sexual behaviors and the needs for quality reproductive health care. As a result these single women are at risk of contracting STDââ¬â¢s and AIDS, having unplanned pregnancies and births (Knox Schacht 2009, pg. 279). Impermanence of marriage has made cohabiting to be one of the marriage alternatives. Research indicates that over nine percent of those women cohabiting have more than one sex partners. This is very shocking because the same women who are cohabiting rarely get health insurance in America. They are however better of as compared to the single women since in terms of accessibility to important services. This is however a short term alternative since soon or later, the cohabiting couples will separate and once again lead a single life. It is therefore important to note that cohabiting American women become single at different periods of their life. Increase in the number of single women has led to rise in cohabitation. This has been triggered by impermanence of unions that include marriage and cohabitation. Kail and Cavanaugh 2008, pg. 408 argue out that cohabitation has increased over ten times over the last 30 years. Statistics show that in 1970, only 523,000 people cohabited as compared to the year 2000 when a whooping five and a half million American were reported to cohabit. Most of them cohabited to facilitate sexual convenience and at the same time sharing expenses. Such couples have no intention of establishing a long lasting relationship and their goal is not marrying. The others engage in cohabitation to try whether marriage can work for them. The other group of cohabitors purely uses cohabitation as a substitute to marriage. This has been highly reported in older women and men as compared to the other two previously mentioned which are highly practiced by young adults (Kail and Cavanaugh 2008, pg. 408). One of the major problems affecting women in America is the issue of STDââ¬â¢s including HIV. Women reproductive health has been given adequate attention in America however single women have been side looked. The danger of ignoring reproductive health services to single women has been reflected by the increase in the number of unplanned births and sexually transmitted diseases that include HIV. This is because their sexual relationships are unstable. According to Oââ¬â¢Leary and Jemmott 1995, pg. 14, most of the women who live to the south of United States contract HIV through heterosexual transmission. This has been high among minority groups. In a report printed in the Jet magazine April 2008, pg, 53 indicated that over 50% of African American teenage women were suffering from a sexually transmitted disease as compared to the white and teenage girls of Mexican origin with less than 20% of them who have at least one STD. The report indicated that there was poor communication between the teenage girls and the other members of the society on sexuality issues. Education on STDs was identified as one of the best methods of reversing the trend of STD infection. Early testing was also said to reduce the risk of spreading these diseases. Research indicates that most of the American women underestimate the risk for contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. This was confirmed by the research carried out by American medical womenââ¬â¢s association in 1994 which indicated that 73% of all American women aged between 16 and 60 years strongly believe that they are safe from sexually transmitted diseases. This research further indicated that 67% of American women have no idea of other STDs apart from AIDS. 33% of them have no idea about AIDS. Over 67% of the total engages in unsafe sex and less than 33% of them believe monogamy can reduce the risk of spreading HIV/AIDS ( Oââ¬â¢Leary Jemmott 1995, pg. 14). Greenberg, Bruess, and Conklin 2010, pg 475-477 found out that 40% of American women masturbate. This includes 45% of American married women. This was found to be directly proportional to the practice of vaginal sex, oral sex and anal sex among American women implying that those women who widely engage in virginal sex, oral sex and anal sex are great funs of masturbation. Wingood and DiClemente 2002, pg. 55 identified two main reasons why women masturbate. In their research, 63% of American women admitted that masturbation was a way of relieving sexual tension while 42% did it to acquire physical pleasure (Wingood and DiClemente pg. 55). Researchers have confirmed that masturbation does not cause any disease, infertility or dysfunction and this has encouraged many people to practice it as an alternative to sex. This practice has been influenced by a change in American culture in which sex was believed to be for procreation only, not for pleasure. Majority of then engage in sex for pleasure and whenever a partner is not readily available, women prefer to masturbate. This has led to a drastic increase in the demand for abortion among American women. It is a clear indication that sex is not only for procreation but largely for pleasure. This practice is mostly common among those people who are not deeply entrenched in religious practices as most of American religions view masturbation as unreligious practice. Though masturbation has not been associated with major physical problems many women have been reported to suffer from Psychological problems as a result of masturbation. Littleton Engebretson 2002, pg. 339 pointed out that the media has largely influenced American women on the way they view their sexuality. This has been directly translated to their mode of dressing and their use of grooming products. Sexual preference among American women can be viewed in three perspectives; sexual identity, sexual behaviors and sexual desires. Peplau and Garnets, 2002, pg. 333 are of the opinion that American women have a high erotic plasticity. In their argument, they pointed out that women have diverse forms of attraction with each other. They also noted that women sexual preference is highly affected by culture and social forces. This is because social identities and social institutions are provided and shaped by the society. All newly introduced practices may be accepted or rejected and either way, the women are mostly affected. Homosexuality was not exposed in American society. This has however changed with more women and men coming in the open to declare their sexual orientation as either being lesbians or homosexuals. Majority of American women are heterosexuals however ââ¬Å"statistics indicate that heterosexual women face greater danger than heterosexual men in casual sexâ⬠. Statistics indicate that the number of lesbians in America is on the rise and this has raised many questions in regard to gay and lesbian marriages. Religious groups especially the majority Christian groups in America have expressed their concern about this trend however research indicates that homosexuality is slowly being accepted in American society. With the rise in the number of lesbians, bisexuality is also spreading its roots in America. Sexual preference has however faced a great challenge due to the increase in sexual dysfunction among American women. It is very important to realize that Sexual dysfunction is posing a great threat to sexuality has been highly reported among American women. The main causes have been cited as; depression, long term stress, negative attitude towards pregnancy especially for single women, increased demand to be a new mother, problems associated with womenââ¬â¢s negative body image, culture and religious inclination and emotional distress. Other causes include physical conditions and hormonal causes. Conclusion Single mothers should be involved in policy formulations and implementation especially on matters that involve human sexuality. Neglecting them will create a gap that will impact negatively on their lives and the lives of entire American society. Cohabiting couples should be educated on the dangers of engaging in such relationship. This trend , if not checked may destroy the family which is the basic social institution. Sexual preferences should not be used to justify discrimination especially when it comes to heath care services and health care insurance covers. Masturbation should not only be viewed in terms of how safe it is. The focus should be directed to its negative psychological effects. Since most women issues have been ignore and the issue of human sexuality has been ignore for a long time, a thorough research should be conducted to establish the impact of single motherhood and cohabitation on sexual preferences. Scientific and psychological evidence concerning masturbation should be established in order to establish whether masturbation can be used to fight HIV/AIDS without negatively affecting the those who practice it. References Jet magazine; Apr 2008; Why African-American Teenage Girls Are Infected With STDs At higher rates 14 ââ¬â Page 53, Vol. 113, Johnson Publishing Company Jerrold S. Greenberg, Clint E. Bruess, Sarah C. Conklin. (2010). Exploring the Dimensions of Human Sexuality Jones Bartlett Learning Knox, D. , Schacht, C. (2009). Choices in Relationships: An Introduction to Marriage and the Family. Cengage Learning Littleton, L. Y. , Engebretson, J. (2002). Maternal, neonatal, and womenââ¬â¢s health nursing. Cengage Learning NEW YORK MAGAZINE. What are the risks to heterosexuals? 23 Mar 1987, Vol. 20, No. 12 New York Media, LLC. Oââ¬â¢Leary, A. , Jemmott, L. S. , (1995). Women at risk: issues in the primary prevention of AIDS Springer Peplau,L. A. , Garnets, L. D. (2002). Womenââ¬â¢s Sexualities: New Perspectives on Sexual Orientation and Gender. Wiley-Blackwell Robert V. Kail, John C. Cavanaugh. (2008). Human Development: A Life-Span View. Cengage Learning Wingood, G. M. , DiClemente, R. J. , (2002). Handbook of womenââ¬â¢s sexual and reproductive health. Springer How to cite American Women, Papers Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-44431816512327274842019-12-06T16:53:00.001-08:002019-12-06T16:53:05.827-08:00International Letters of Social and Humanistic â⬠MyAssignmenthelp Question: Discuss about the International Letters of Social and Humanistic. Answer: Introduction: The company is having its competitors inBiotronik; Boston Scientific; Medtronic; Ela Medical. The competitors are available with the devices with variety of approaches and many of its competitors are settled with merging and acquisition approach. The competitors are differentiated based on their products and the size of the product, implantation process, programming, product life and the varied software and hardware process. The threat of the new entrants can be fulfilled by the price strategy, which can discourage the entry of the entrants and the expensive investment that is required to manage the production of the product. Arelation is needed to be builtwith the suppliers in order to access the product design and material. The process of meeting the strict standards of the governments including the testing and quality standards can stand out to be a threat for the new entrants and for Aurora. Along with the threat of the competitors product which affect the sales of Aurora, the substitutes which are available for the same treatment are transcutaneous pacing anti-arrhythmic drugs which are preferred by the patients to take medication in place of doing implantation. The technological conventions such as the ICD, which are generated due to the changes in the culture, have also brought about changes and variedness in the customer preferences. The company reports the sales of its product per unit is $18750 which is relatively less as compared to its competitors. The buyers serve with the power of bargaining are highly affecting for the industry and the company as well. The choice of therapeutic approach depends completely over the patients and the physicians preference that will be providing with the treatment. Consumers are price focused along with the quality, size and company reputation. The option is upto the customers to decide that they need implantation or medication (Burton et al. 2015). Bargaining Power of Suppliers The company had less number of suppliers with respect to its core components supplies such as titanium, battery, cardio version. Small number of specialist companies designs these core components. Overall, the suppliers are common for all the products. Due to less suppliers in 2016 Aurora faced shortages of micro controller which is used in ACCUTRON, when the tsunami destroyed the Freescale production factory which was responsible to supply materials for devices. After building and designing, the products are undergone by the designing, testing and quality standards that are regulated by the government. The product is introduced to the market for the patients of ECG and is programmed accordingly to analyse various arrhythmias. The company focuses towards achieving overall cost leadership in the industry by producing low cost product with high availability of its product in the market. As compared to its competitors mainly the government companies, who sell the product at a range starting from $12000,the ACCUTRON is sold at $18750 per unit. The company built its devices in a complete clean room environment under microscope. These devices are handmade and are made by the help of trained facility. Among the private companies, it provides its product with less price and best offered quality. The workers who are trained make the products and development programmes for 6 months. The price is relatively low as compared to its competitors because of the researches that are taken place within the organizations production process. The investing amount for Aurora is over USD 650 million just for the training and development programmes. This stands out as the manufacturing price of per unit product as $7685. The company must ensure that product differentiation and brand loyalty had to be secured in order to gain competitive advantage as the consumers are primarily focused on the price, quality and reputation of the company product (Meihamiand Meihami2014). The company Aurora needs to primarily focus on its technological interventions and be reliant on its suppliers to increase the production and maintain the production of ACCUTRON smoothly, as it cannot affect the production per unit. The supplier, if changed, can be an issue as it changes the overall process of the product as such, revalidation, reprogramming and regulatory review of the new devices. The Accturon is in the growth phase of its market life cycle as the demand of the product is gradually increasing in the market. The constant rise in the development of the product as a trusted one and the gradual rise in the number of patients preferring the pacemaker to the medicinal substitutes and the treatment of the disease. The manufacturing company of Aurora has boasted of a constant increase in the sales of the product since its introduction to the market. The various aspect further boosting the sales of the ICD in Australia is the gradual increase in the number of the people with cardiac condition. It is estimated that that the number of the cardiac patients in the country will continue to rise leading to the increase in the sale of the ICD devices in the country (Dennekampet al. 2015). Majority of the people suffering heart conditions tend to prefer pacemakers to antiarrhythmic drugs as they have a large number of side effects including the worsening of their cardiac condi tion. The ICD on the contrary eases the process and it can be controlled remotely if it is causing any trouble to the patient. One of the major reasons of the success of the product is its pricing in the market. There are a number of factors affecting the market when the consumers decide to buy an important product such as the pacemaker, and their lives depend on it (Mond and Crozier 2015). The major reason for its success is the fact that the patients trust the brand and its price is competitive against the wide array of the other products available. The different aspects relating to the marketing issues related to the company include the production capacity of the organization. It is seen that the product sold extensively since its advent into the market till 2015 and there was a gradual decline in the books of sales for the following two years. Contrary to the popular belief the cause of the decline in the sales was not the lack of the popularity of the product but the lack of the raw materials to assemble the products. The product was dependent on the Japanese company Freescale to manufacture a number of microcontrollers that were to be used in the device. The destruction of the company due to the tsunami stopped the supply of the microcontrollers which were necessary for the manufacture of the ICD devices. This loss forced Aurora to include a number of different changes in the devices which included a number of programming and the structural changes. The programming and the structural changes made the production process to lag behind and the sales fell. The sales therefore do not show the true demand of the product in the market as the factory was lackin g the production to meet the market demand. The company is therefore placed in the growing sector of the different companies manufacturing the ICDs. The various types of the pacemaker available in the market are differently priced and based on the pricing and the build quality Aurora provides an affordable option with all the major technological hardware and the latest facilities. The pricing is one of the major reasons whythe product is quite successful. The cost of production shows that the company gains a fair share of the selling price as their profit. The overall growth of the market share of the organization along with the increasing number of patients opting for the affordable option for the long-term medication of the cardiac disorders has led to the success of this company and its growth. Strategic management in a business unit is the policies and decisions that are taken by the company in order to organize the planning and the operations of the business. The product that Aurora has to offer is an ICD instrument (Hill et al. 2014). Following are a few points that the management of the Aurora should consider while making policies: Research and Development Boost: As the product that the company have is based on technology and is for a patient who is under life threatening condition, focus should be on improving the product so that the cost of product can be reduced at the same time per unit cost of the item will also reduce this will allow the company to cater to a larger customer group. Though the insurance coverage of the public includes the cost of the process. The focus of the company should be in the short run on research investment and on manufacturing investment. CSR- Every organization is focused on sustainable development and Aurora is a company that deals with sensitive cases for their business prospect. To balance the situation the company should include corporate social responsibility as a part of their business model to help people who will not be able to recover even with the help of the equipment. The company can come up with strategies in order to help the people and to help the society (Stead and Stead 2017). Reduction of Manufacturing Cost: the manufacturing process of the equipment is high as the materials that are used in manufacturing are also expensive hence the company should focus in reduction of the labor cost by setting up units in countries where the cost of labor is low. This will help the company in reducing the price of the equipment even further. Though the company has advantage in the price category but this will also help the company in the future prospects. Diversification in the Product Line: there are other instruments that are used in the recovery of a patient these are some of the diversification option for the company. For example: manufacturing of mechanical limbs for the ones who require amputation. There are also many equipments that are required in the medical field the company should slowly proceed to expand the product line of the company. This can be a long term strategy of the organization and the process can be achieved with the help of recruiting scientists and more employees to support the diversification process. The management must come up with small goals and take calculative steps in diversification (Rothaermel 2015). Promotion and Sales: The Company can incorporate the process of direct selling with the help of representative like the medicine companies, the organization can have representative talk to the surgeons and the physicians talk about the design and the unique features of the products. There can be traditional advertisements in the hospitals and medical magazines. This will help the company build a brand value and will help in securing their place in the market. The company can request and present the qualities of the product with the researcher who are working in this field to include the name of the product in their paper which may have the potential to be published in medical journals (Huang andSarigll 2014). Brand Image: The company has to work upon building a brand image so that they have a recall value as they do not sell items directly to the user it is difficult to establish an image like any other companies do but with the help of strategic communication and promotional process the organization should work towards building an image of an innovative organization that cares for the patients (Wheelenet al. 2017). Reference Burton, S.A., Amir, N., Asbury, A., Lange, A. and Hardinger, K.L., 2015. Treatment of antibody?mediated rejection in renal transplant patients: a clinical practice survey.Clinical transplantation,29(2), pp.118-123. Dennekamp, M., Straney, L.D., Erbas, B., Abramson, M.J., Keywood, M., Smith, K., Sim, M.R., Glass, D.C., Del Monaco, A., Haikerwal, A. and Tonkin, A.M., 2015. Forest fire smoke exposures and out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in Melbourne, Australia: a case-crossover study.Environmental health perspectives,123(10), p.959. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Huang, R. and Sarigll, E., 2014. How brand awareness relates to market outcome, brand equity, and the marketing mix. InFashion Branding and Consumer Behaviors(pp. 113-132). Springer, New York, NY. Meihami, B. and Meihami, H., 2014. Knowledge Management a way to gain a competitive advantage in firms (evidence of manufacturing companies).International letters of social and humanistic sciences,3, pp.80-91. Mond, H.G. and Crozier, I., 2015. The Australian and New Zealand cardiac pacemaker and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator survey: calendar year 2013.Heart, Lung and Circulation,24(3), pp.291-297. Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2017.Sustainable strategic management. Routledge. Wheelen, T.L., Hunger, J.D., Hoffman, A.N. and Bamford, C.E., 2017.Strategic management and business policy. pearson. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-83554286403786323672019-11-29T05:07:00.001-08:002019-11-29T05:07:04.622-08:00Amazing Ice essaysAmazing Ice essays Life as we know it would not exist if ice were denser then liquid water. Rivers, lakes, and oceans control much of our climate, because large amounts of water take a very long time to heat up and cool down. So when at the beginning of summer the water is still cold from the winter, and at the beginning of winter the water is still moderately warm from the summer. That is why it is usually cooler on the lakefront. If ice happened to be even slightly denser the liquid water, then that means that it would sink. When winter came around when the water would freeze it would drop to the bottom of the body of water and sit there, and in the protection of the all the water above heat would never reach it and it would never melt. This means that over time whole oceans could freeze over. This would drastically drop the average temperature of our planet. It would be impossible for any type of water life would be impossible to live. Water is said to be our life source, our whole way about bringin g water to running faucets in homes would have to be different. We would have to figure a way to melt large amounts of this water for household uses. We might even have to buy our water in stores at obviously more expensive prices because of the more expensive process of obtaining water. If there were no water life many different kinds of Indians that relied on fish for their main source of food would have either perished or would have moved inland to find other ways to live. Many towns that rely on fish as a main export would also be less productive, such as Boston where most of the citys income is from lobster or other fish. The whole human body would be different; right now a person can only live without water for a few days. Humans would have to evolve into Camels to have any chance of survival in such harsh conditions. The list can go one forever on about how life would be so completely and utterly different from a slight change in t ... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-68231917134797717932019-11-25T12:41:00.001-08:002019-11-25T12:41:03.986-08:00Anti-Gravity Water Science Magic TrickAnti-Gravity Water Science Magic Trick Amaze your friends with this simple science magic trick that turns ordinary water into anti-gravity water. Materials for the Water Trick Water glass with a round rim (wine glass or typical water glass)T-shirtWater Basically, all you need is water, a glass, and a cloth. A t-shirt is easy to find. Other excellent choices for the fabric would be a handkerchief, square of silk, or mens dress shirt. Choose a fabric with a tight weave or knit. Perform the Anti-Gravity Water Trick Place the cloth over the glass.Use your hand to push a depression into the fabric. This is so you can more easily fill the glass and also helps wet the material.Fill the glass about three-quarters full of water.Pull the fabric tightly over the glass.You have two choices here. You can quickly flip the glass, using a hand to hold the fabric tight. Alternatively, you can put one hand over the top of the glass, while using the other to hold the material tight and slowly invert the glass. Pull the hand over the glass away.The water doesnt pour out! How It Works Water has a high surface tension. In this trick, the water molecules absorbed into the fabric hold onto other water molecules inside the water glass. Even though there are gaps in the fabric, the attraction between water molecules overcomes the force of gravity trying to pull the water down. What do you think would happen if you lowered the surface tension of the water by using a glass that had a residue of detergent on it? What if you tried the trick with another liquid? Chances are good the surface tension of the water would be lowered enough that youd get wet! Another fun trick that works on the same principle is Magic Colored Milk. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-68681215317392305152019-11-21T20:05:00.001-08:002019-11-21T20:05:03.374-08:00European Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsEuropean Politics - Essay Example The constitution of the European countries have explicitly protected the interests of the minority communities; and encouraged their participation in social, economic and political fronts. Childre (2003) observed that the constitution of the European countries supports democratic practices, and firmly encourages that the democratic notions shall be adopted and implemented on the basis of its merit. The European society is cosmopolitan society, but the majority of the aboriginals are reluctant to consider this as fact. The contemporary political theorists considered cosmopolitanism as "citizenship of the world, which is a critique of ordinary theories of political obligation, with their tendency to focus on our duties to fellow citizens, not to people elsewhere", as discussed by Patrick (2005). The consequence of the cosmopolitanism is expected to be "single world government with corresponding global citizenship"; this was evaluated by Patrick (2005). Surprisingly such aspirations have not discussed by the serious circles. Ulrich (2006) proposed that the modified and renewed version of the cosmopolitanism includes "everyone in the world in a single global web of mutual obligations". However the reservations and criticism mounted against cosmopolitanism is relevant to the negligence of the "obligations of reciprocity"; there has been consensus on the fact that the society has "obligations to give benefits in return for benefits received". The issue commonly observed by the society at large is relev ant to the psychological possibility based upon the desirability claims, "the elimination of a special motivating attachment to fellow-citizens is not possible, but the elimination of special motivating attachments to fellow-citizens is expected to develop "certain desirable form of political life impossible". In this context, the cosmopolitan has revealed two broad options i.e. "the viability of politics as usual depends not upon certain beliefs that fellow-citizens deserve more of one's service, but upon commitments to the polity itself", therefore if the possibility of the strictly cosmopolitan is possible then Patrick (2005) believes that "a commitment to a universal set of principles embodied in a particular political constitution and a particular set of political institutions" is engaged. The practicability of such desirable politics has the potential to disarm the anti-cosmopolitan; Ulrich (2006) believes that this has provided that the denial of the form of political life is practical, and for this purposes the "moral commitments run over into a discussion of political theory". Literature Review Wayne (2001) believed that within the European society we still find traces of non-compliance against democratic principle of equality and justice. Racism and xenophobia has limited and discouraged the participation of the minority or under-privileged communities into political and social affairs. The European society which has been staunch supporter and enthusiast towards the proactive participation of the minority communities into public and private affairs; the current political state of some European countries indicates pessimistic outlook, where the interests and rights of the minority communities have been violated or ignored. The European society is multi-linguistic, multi-ethnic, multi-cultural and multi-religious society. The penetration of the Africans, Arabs Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-63312581623590443252019-11-20T16:56:00.001-08:002019-11-20T16:56:03.794-08:00Economics for Managers Japan Case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 wordsEconomics for Managers Japan Case - Essay Example For almost a decade, the Japanese have started to adopt a risk-averse mindset after the fall of the dotcoms. Due to the circumstances, zero-return in cash has become the mindset of the people. While prices continue to drop, people further delay their consumption for the hope of lower prices. This hoarding of cash or investing in zero-return or non-interest-bearing savings leads to stagnation and later, worsening deflation in the economy. Thus the country wishes for some inflation to happen by increasing aggregate demand either through an increase in consumer spending, or channeling of money to some real investments in order to stimulate growth in the economy. Because of inflation, the relatively low or zero-return of investments most Japanese consumers have produces a negative interest rate. The Japanese Central Bank now hopes that consumers will then shift their investments to interest-bearing or higher-yielding investments to offset the effect of inflation, such as shares and real estate in order to give a boost to the economy. The cost-push inflation in the economy thus requires the Japanese Central Bank to use some monetary policy to curb it. However, Japanese Central Bank cannot just increase the interest rate in the meantime. While the global economy seems to pose a threat, increasing the interest rate will hurt the economy and worsen the impact of this threat if it happens. Thus, the Japanese Central Bank will keep the interest rates low in order to lessen the impact of the economic crisis abroad to the Japanese economy. The aggregate prices or the overall inflation within an economy is set by the interaction of the aggregate demand and aggregate supply. On one hand, aggregate demand is determined by the total amountà of consumption, investment, government spending and net exports in an economy. Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-4800616741554219202019-11-18T16:11:00.001-08:002019-11-18T16:11:02.769-08:00Organizational Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 wordsOrganizational Environment - Assignment Example Therefore, the firm should consider the factors such as the availability of the commodity, which will ensure sustained supply hence the customers, are not disappointed (Jones, 2010). They should also consider their technical ability or their ability to invest in the machinery, which will ensure that there is value addition to the product as well as large-scale productivity. The young agile manager should also go out and ascertain the actual market by quantifying it before making the enormous investment. The manger should also consider conducting intensive research on the possible ways of differentiating the product to attract a wider market through the ever-growing technology and the cultural diversity. Technology available should also be considered as the firm tries to venture into production, as technology will facilitate both mechanization and automation, which will go the large way to enlarge the production of the Kaolas. The natural factors enhancing the survival of the animals have to be considered as they affect production (Ito & Rose, 2004/2005, winter). 1. What additional factors should be considered if Krazy Koalas decides to expand to Ireland, Spain, and possibly the Middle East? Due to geographical differences between the US and Ireland, Spain, and the Middle East, the political, social and economic factors will tend to be different. Therefore the other factors which have to be considered before extending the supply of the Kaolas in the Ireland, Spain and middle east are:- political factors, these are the decisions pertaining to taxation, investments and fiscal policies of the country. If the policies of the mentioned governments are not in favor of imports or policies are designed to discourage the importation from certain countries then it would be costly hence unwise to expand their markets to these countries. Socially, the company should consider cultural diversity between these two countries, in one way or the other there might be cultures, whi ch would not support the consumption of koalas in some form (Jones, 2010). Therefore, the essence of research on the different cultures and the name they give to the product or the form in which they are likely to consume it for the sake of providing a better product to the right group of people. Such studies will facilitate differentiation, which is healthy for increased production. Economically, factors such as the inflation rates and exchange rates must be looked at as they are likely to determine whether it is economical to produce and supply to these countries or not. As at this time, the fall in value for the dollar has made the affordability of the koalas in both Spain and Ireland to increase, as they are quite affordable. 2. What are your specific recommendations for Krazy Koalas? What should the company do, and why? Krazy koala is a company, which has shown prospects of growth due to the ever-increasing demand for the products they offer. The management should therefore be tasked with the responsibility of ensuring that they differentiate the products they are providing to widen the base of their supplies as well as try and block the potential competitors. The management can also look for ways of minimizing the production costs as much as possible which would make way for the expansion of the profits to support the firm in its Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-34852566040733975462019-11-16T04:43:00.001-08:002019-11-16T04:43:07.396-08:00Statutory Protection of Employment LawStatutory Protection of Employment Law The Failed Promise of Statutory Protection The subject of the legal regulation of labor is one of great complexity. Up to the present time a priori objections to such regulations have delayed their introduction, and only gradually, as experience has demonstrated their usefulness, have they been extended to situations which seem to require them. In â⬠¦ the United States the notion that the legislative power should not be used to regulate conditions of employment has been abandoned by most thoughtful persons, but the prejudice against interference is as strong as ever. Henry R. Seager, Economics, 1904, p. 431 Following a period of legislative inaction, selective statutory restrictions on the right to dismiss came into existence largely as a byproduct of labor legislation of the late 1920s and early 1930s. The introduction of limitations to the at-will rule within the NLRA framework, in particular, marked the long overdue recognition that, as long as employers had the right to dismiss employees, at-will public policy goals, such as industrial peace and the extension of orderly collective bargaining, were unattainable. Following a roughly historical chronology, this chapter explores how, from the 1920s onwards, restrictions on dismissals were constructed around notions of ââ¬Å"orderlyâ⬠collective bargaining. Thematically, the focus of the chapter is on the creation of new institutional structures and their impact on the status of workers in terms of job security. Underlying this analysis is the tentative hypothesis that the NLRA, and the practices which evolved from it, provided unions and their members with a sense of control over dismissal rights which was largely illusionary. This mistaken sense of control, in turn, encouraged unions to put efforts into job security enhancing measures at the plant and company level which ultimately did not constrain managerial prerogatives effectively. This lack of real control became apparent in the mid 1960s, when the Supreme Court handed down several decisions which reaffirmed the right of management to close branches and discharge employees without u nion interference. Apart from excluding non-unionized workers, the NLRA system, perhaps against the intentions of its original sponsors, ultimately came to severely circumscribe the right of unions to bargain over job security at the very time when such protection was needed. The Promised Lands of Protected Bargaining At the turn of the century, many US industrial relations scholars questioned the assumption that injustices in the labor market could be remedied through legislative acts and/or, more generally, via a strengthening of individual employment rights. Opposition to legislative approaches was grounded primarily in the belief that solutions to the ââ¬Å"labor problems of industrial societiesâ⬠could be created more easily by strengthening the standing of organized labor as collective bargaining agent rather than by creating a host of specific employment regulations.[1] Accordingly, in 1911, the Harvard economist Taussig suggested that the most urgent task in reforming US employment relations was not detailed new legislation per se, but rather the protection of bargaining representatives:[2] The workmen clearly gain by having their case in charge of chosen representatives, whether or not these be fellow employees; and collective bargaining and unionization up to this point surely bring no offsetting disadvantages to society. As to the immediate employees, there is often a real danger that he who presents a demand, or a grievance, will be ââ¬Å"victimized.â⬠He will be discharged and perhaps blacklisted; very likely on some pretext, but in fact because ââ¬Å"he has made trouble.â⬠In the 1930s, Taylors influential Labor Problems and Labor Law argued, very much along the lines of earlier reform advocates, that individual workers had been deprived of their ability to bargain primarily because of the expansion and centralization of management.[3] To remedy this situation, Taylor argued, the state had to enable workers to bargain collectively, both for wages and for the protection of their jobs. Said Taylor:[4] Legally free to dispose of his services at any price he deems just, immediate necessity in the face of an oversupply of labor reduces that freedom to empty words. His [meaning the workers] inferior bargaining position is not wholly due to economic inequality, but in part to a lack of knowledge of labor conditions, and a bargaining skill less effective than that of his employer. The injustices growing out of the individual bargaining burden affect not only the individual worker but the entire group to which he belongs. Unregulated competition resulting from individual bargaining tends to pull down the terms of employment to the level of the weakest employer Taylors notion that inequalities of labor were due to the exposure of workers to individual rather than collective bargaining echoed the opinions of some of the nations leading judges of the time. Judges Holmes and Field had earlier opposed bans on union activity on account of the fact that union activity merely counterbalanced the combination of capitalists.[5] Despite the gradual acknowledgement of the legitimacy of strike action by some courts, up until the 1920s, few judges had been willing to offer protection to those workers who were discharged for union membership or strike activity. In theory, collective bargaining could serve to limit the power disequilibrium between the employer, who, as Holmes says ââ¬Å"is free to discharge the worker, and the worker who depends on his job for his livelihood.â⬠[6] In practice, however, the relationship between job security and collective action had remained largely antonymous. Post World War I, workers who participated in collective action, be it as organizers or as strike participants, were likely to face retaliatory discharges or even blacklisting.[7] Industrial actions in which in excess of 1,000 workers were permanently dismissed included the Homestead strike of 1892, the Pullman strike of 1894, and the steel strike of 1919-20, which involved approximately 365,000 workers and resulted in over 10,000 permanent discharges. In the Boston police strike of 1919, in which the policemen struck for the right to organize with an AFL affiliate, meanwhile, more than one third of the police force were permanently discharged. The first congressional statute addressing issues of dismissal and organizing activity, the Erdman Act, had attempted to prohibit the retaliatory discharge of union members working on the railroads; at a time when the railroads were the only area where the Federal Government had the authority to regulate such matters. Passed by Congress in 1898, Section 10 of the Erdman Act made it an offense to threaten an employee ââ¬Å"with dischargeâ⬠or to blacklist the employee after a discharge because of membership in a labor organization. Specifically the Act read: [8] That any employer subject to the provisions of this act and any officer, agent or receiver of such employer who shall require any employee, or any person seeking employment, as a condition of such employment, to enter into an agreement, either written or verbal, not to become or remain a member of any labor corporation, association, or organization; or shall threaten any employee with loss of employment, or shall unjustly discriminate against any employee because of his membership â⬠¦ or who shall, after having discharges an employee, attempt or conspire to prevent such employee from obtaining employment or who shall after the quitting of an employee, attempt or conspire to prevent such employee from obtaining employment, is hereby declared to be guilty of a misdemeanor, and â⬠¦ shall be punished for such offense by a fine of not less than one hundred dollars and not more than one thousand dollars. In 1908, section 10 of the Erdman Act was declared in violation of the Fifth Amendment by the Supreme Court in Adair v. United States. This rather predictable decision again rendered members of labor organizations unprotected from retaliatory discharges.[9] Unionized workers were given some support by the courts in the Brandeis and Holmes Supreme Court decisions of the 1920s.[10] Explicit legislative protection of those engaging in organizing activity however commenced as late as 1926 with the passage of the Railroad Labor Act (RLA), which, apart from requiring employers to bargain with unions, prohibited employers from discriminating against union members.[11] The RLA applied originally to interstate railroads and related undertakings, but was later amended to include airlines engaged in interstate commerce. The Norris La Guardia Act (NLGA) of 1932 gave some federal sanction to the right of labor unions to organize and strike.[12] Implicitly, it also limited the ability of federal courts to enforce ââ¬Å"yellow dog contracts,â⬠under which workers promised not to join a union or promised to discontinue union membership.[13] The National Industrial Recovery Act (NRA) of 1933, the predecessor of the National Labor Relations Act, in troduced the idea of codes of ââ¬Å"fair competitionâ⬠which fixed wages and hours in certain industries. Title I of the Act, which was declared unconstitutional in 1935, guarantied the right of employees to collective bargaining without interference or coercion (which included the dismissal of employees). [14] The National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) of 1935, or Wagner Act, included some previously invalidated labor sections of the NRA, as well as a number of additions. Primarily concerned with restricting employer activities against union organizing and bargaining efforts, the NLRA prohibited employers from, firstly, ââ¬Å"dominating or otherwise interfering with the formation of labor unionsâ⬠; secondly, ââ¬Å"interfering or restraining employees engaged in exercising their rights to organize and bargain collectively; and, thirdly, from ââ¬Å"refusing to bargain collectively with unions representing a companys employees.â⬠In doing so, sections 7 and 8 of the NLRA effectively tied the legal protection of employees from retaliatory discharges to the right of employees to organize collectively. The Act stated to this effect that:[15] Sec. 7. Employees shall have the right to self-organization, to form, join, or assist labor organizations, to bargain collectively through representatives of their own choosing, and to engage in concerted activities, for the purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or protection. Sec. 8. It shall be an unfair practice for an employerââ¬â (1) To interfere with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise of the rights guaranteed in section 7. (2) To dominate or interfere with the formation or administration of any labor organization or contribute financial or other support to itâ⬠¦ (3) By discrimination in regard to hire or tenure of employment or any term or condition of employment to encourage or discourage membership in any labor organizationâ⬠¦ (4) To discharge or otherwise discriminate against an employee because he had filed charges or given testimony under this act. (5) To refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employeesâ⬠¦ Under the NLRA regime, employers were required ââ¬Å"not to refuse to bargain collectively with the representatives of his employeesâ⬠with regard to ââ¬Å"rates of pay, wages and hours of employment, or other conditions of employment.â⬠[16] While the Act had made it clear that retaliatory dismissals of union members were illegal, it gave no guidance on the question of whether bargaining over ââ¬Å"other conditions of employment,â⬠included issues relating to job security.[17] Moreover, despite the appearance of sweeping legislation, coverage under the NLRAs protective umbrella was narrow. Public employees at the federal, state, and local level, agricultural workers, domestic workers, and supervisory employees all were excluded.[18] Nonetheless, for those covered by the Act, statutory dismissal protection was available in connection with established categories of protected activity the courts had created. This included dismissals for strike action, union membership and related activities. Indeed, at its outset, the NLRB rulings allowed significant numbers of dismissed employees to gain reinstatement. From the appointment of the Board in the Fall of 1935 until March 1939, the Board handled a total of 20,192 cases involving over 4.5 million workers. Of these cases 19,018 or four fifths were closed. Of the total cases closed, about 52% were decided by agreements, while the remainder were dismissed, withdrawn or closed in some other way before coming to the Board. About two thousand cases were strike cases, involving 356 thousand workers, of which 75% were settled and in which 227 thousand workers had to be re-employed. An additional 15 thousand cases were decided in favor of workers alleging non-strike related discriminatory discharges, and resulted in the reinstatement of the respective workers. Between January 1 of 1938 and April 1 of 1939 alone, the Board heard 1,675 cases alleging discriminatory discharges and ordered the reinstatement and/or compensation of 1,022 wo rkers.[19] In theory, there was a potential for collective bargaining agreements to include job security guarantees of some form. Given existing cultural pre-dispositions, both amongst the judiciary and managers, however, the possibility of partial union control over personnel and investment decisions was remote. Judicial support for the right to manage had a strong pedigree and its influence would not wane quickly. In the 1890s already, some state courts had felt the need to defend the right to manage. In the view of most courts this right was as much a part of the free labor creed as was the right to work. ââ¬Å"Free laborâ⬠required that both employers and individual workers were fully responsible for their decisions. Permitting workers to organize and successively influence managerial decisions was viewed as a danger to free economic competition. In State v. Glidden, an outraged Connecticut judge stated, that once workers could influence managerial decision, no longer would the heads of industrial and commercial enterprises rise from the ââ¬Å"ranks of the toilers, no longer could self-reliant ambitious men push to the fore.â⬠[20] Unable to manage as they saw fit, businessmen would stop risking their capital, time and experience. ââ¬Å"At best, the nations business would be conducted by paternalistic enterprises, at worst anarchy pure and simple â⬠would prevail. At the turn of the century, Taussig had already predicted that union demands for job security would clash with managers insistence on ââ¬Å"the right to manage.â⬠His Principles of Economics stated to this effect that:[21] Private ownership carries with it the seeds of conflictthe inevitable clash between those who employ and who are employed. Disguise it as we may, smooth over to our utmost, adjust where we can, there the conflict is, ever liable to break out. The private employer regards his business as his own, its methods of management as subject to his own judgment. It is almost invariably urged by him and his spokesman that the effective working of the business machine depends above all on unfettered freedom in the selection and tenure of employees. So long as this attitude prevails, the workman will feel in turn that he must retain his weapon of defense, the strike, even though it entail injury to a wide circle of persons. Even if employers were to consent to restrictions on their power of discharge, contests would remain, strikes would brew. And on the other hand discharge is but one of the matters in which employers absolute rule is to be questioned. Discharge is conspicuous because it is t he outstanding weapon. As long as unions and their members had little formal protection through the law, management had been able to assert its dominance with relative ease, if only by dismissing those who questioned it. Once NLRA legislation protected concerted action, this situation had changed radically, and conflicts between unions and management over dismissal rights were pre-destined. When President Truman called the second National Labor Management Conference in 1945, labor and management representatives found themselves unable to agree on the boundaries of collective bargaining. Disagreement had arisen particularly with regard to managements right to make workers redundant, close and/or relocate branches. The statement of the management representative at the conference expressed the employers dismay over this matter:[22] Labor members of the Committee on Managements Rights to manage have been unwilling to any listing of specific management functions. Management members of the Committee conclude â⬠¦ therefore, that the labor members are convinced that the field of collective bargaining will, in all probability, continue to expand into the field of management. The only possible end of such a philosophy would be the joint management of the enterprise. To this management members naturally cannot agree. Management has functions that must not and cannot be compromised to the public interest. If labor disputes are to be minimized, labor must agree that certain specific functions and responsibilities of management are not subject to collective bargaining. In theory, the evolving conflict about the appropriate limits of collective bargaining, and particularly the rights of labor to interfere with managements redundancy and dismissal decisions, was resolved by reference to new management concepts such as the residual rights doctrine. In practice, a set of employer friendly court decisions and the decline of unions in the US settled the issue, first, in rough terms, during the first decade of NLRA rule, and then, in greater detail, over the following three decades. The notion of residual rights, which deserves a passing mention in this context, developed from the 1940s onwards to become a prominent feature of the management of industrial relations in the 1960s and 1970s. The residual rights doctrine postulated that management rights were the result of an evolutionary process, whereby initially management possessed total freedom in ordering the affairs of the enterprise. This included freedoms with regard to whom to hire and dismiss and when to do so. Union demands and labor legislation encroached on this freedom. It followed that every time a manager made a contractual concession, and/or every time a labor law restricted management options, the original rights of management were reduced. What remained then were the residual rights, not specifically renounced by management or restricted by law.[23] If, for instance, management renounced the right to dismiss according to productivity or any other performance criterion and agreed to dismiss accord ing to seniority, seniority replaced managements previous decision criteria. Meanwhile other issues, such as how many workers could be dismissed in a specific time period, remained within the exclusive sphere of managerial decision making.[24] Adopting this view, many arbitration decisions applied a two-stage approach to questions about the appropriate bargaining remit of a union. If union representatives and management disagreed on whether an issue was a legitimate bargaining item, previous contractual agreements as well as legal requirements had to be investigated. If no explicit statement restricting managements rights in the respective matter could be found in these sources, the issue typically had to be considered as falling within managements remit. Since explicit renunciations of the rights to dismiss were typically rare, management usually maintained broad discretion over dismissals, which fell outwith causes covered explicitly by just-cause rules. Because existing practices and informal agreements had little legal bearing on conflicts over the interpretation of the NLRA, the residual rights doctrine offered almost no guidance to the courts in evaluating the legitimacy of union involvement in termination decisions. Here an alternative, and in many ways even more restrictive approach, evolved over time. While the NLRB of the early years generally looked favorably upon workers whose discharge could in some way be linked to union activity, it also condoned a wide set of permissible grounds for dismissal. In this context, several NLRB decisions early on vindicated traditional assumptions about managerial prerogatives. Discharges were sustained by the NLRB in cases involving gross inefficiency of a worker, incompetence, change in equipment, ââ¬Å"ruckus and horseplayâ⬠, absenteeism, brawling, cursing of the boss, and the violation of company rules.[25] Most importantly, discharges in the absence of employee misconduct were fre quently declared permissible if there was no evidence for anti-union activity. This included discharges for lack of work, which were generally approved by the Board even in absence of union consultation, as long as anti-union bias could not be proven. In its Seagrave decision of 1938, for instance, the Board set a precedent for the preservation of employment-at-will within collective bargaining.[26] Seagrave, an automotive equipment plant had discharged an employee three weeks after he got his job. The foreman testified to the fact that the employees work was satisfactory. The worker, a CIO member, had previously been arrested for disorderly conduct during a strike and alleged that he was fired because of this previous involvement, and, more specifically, because his foreman had received a blacklist showing his name. The spokesman of the company explained that the polisher was hired because of a temporary emergency arising from the receipt of a special order, and that he was dismiss ed when the work on that order let up. The Board found no evidence for anti-union activity and declared the dismissal legal. In the case of Sheba Ann Frocks (1938), similarly, thirty employees, who had been dropped from the payroll of the Sheba garment plant, complained to the Board alleging that their discharge was based on their CIO membership.[27] Company officials testified that the layoffs took place because of a lack of work at the end of the regular production season. The Board accepted this explanation because the company retained over half of its CIO employees and discharged non-union employees as well, although not proportionally. In its conclusion the Board stated that, in the case of a dismissal for legitimate business reasons, such as slack work, no consultation with union members was required. While NLRB decisions of the late 1930s, such as Seagrave and Sheba, delineated the space between dismissal protection and managerial prerogatives more or less by default, several court decisions attempted to give guidance which was general enough to be applied to other contexts. This tendency towards establishing a formula which ringfenced managerial decision making from union intrusion could already be detected in the Supreme Courts ruling on NLRB v. Jones Laughlin Steel, the landmark case better known for its acceptance of the NLRA. In Jones, the Supreme Court stressed that although the Act required bargaining, it did not ââ¬Å"compelâ⬠agreement.[28] For the Supreme Court, in other words, the NLRA was legal because, and only because, the Act did not interfere with ââ¬Å"the normal exercise of the right of the employer to select employees or to discharge them.â⬠[29] That, in defining normal rights, the Supreme Court emphasised the right to discharge workers did not bod e well for those who expected the Act to significantly reduce arbitrary dismissals. With Jones, the court had indicated that outwith matters directly related to collective bargaining, employment-at-will was still very much in place, with restrictions only affecting those discharges which were explicitly declared illegal in the NLRA. More importantly, it had implied that would be difficult to create an agreement sanctioned and protected by the Act which would eliminate the right of employers to discharge workers for ââ¬Å"legitimateâ⬠reasons. In NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing (1938), a federal appeals court was even more explicit in affirming managements freedom to dismiss workers.[30] In Sands, a collective agreement between the company and MESA, a labor union, was broken by the union. The company apparently bargained collectively with MESA. After two months, the company signed an agreement with another union, some of whose members were employed in order to replace MESA members. The NLRB ordered reinstatement of the MESA employees and requested the circuit court to enforce its order. The 6th circuit set aside the order and dismissed the petition to enforce. With respect to the termination of the employer-employee relationship the court stated that:[31] The statute [meaning the NLRA] does not interfere with the normal right of the employer to select or discharge his employees If employees violate their contract they may be discharged for that reason and this does not constitute a discrimination in regard to tenure of employment nor an unfair labor practice, nor does it continue a discharge because the employees are members of a union. [T]he statute does not provide that the relationship held in status quo under Title 29, Section 152(3) [meaning the prohibition of dismissals during strikes] shall continue in absence of wrongful conduct on the part of the employer and of rightful conduct on the part of the employees. If such were its meaning, the right of the employer to select, and discharge his employees would be cut off. The Sands decision was in many regards more radical than previous rulings. In Sands, the court had concluded that, provided the employer had engaged in bargaining, NLRA legislation had to be interpreted so as not to otherwise constrain the employers rights to select and discharge employees. In other words, the court indicated that any action which would effectively restrict the right of employers to discharge, after basic bargaining obligations were met, could be struck down. While both the Jones Laughlin Steel and the Sands cases redefined space for at-will discharges relatively broadly, the Supreme Courts 1942 Montgomery Ward decision attempted to give a comprehensive definition of managements rights which gave managers broad control over discharge decisions.[32] In its Montgomery Ward decision, the 9th Circuit excluded from arbitrable grievances:[33] changes in business practice, the opening and closing of new units, the choice of personnel (subject, however to the seniority provision), the choice of merchandise to be sold, and other questions of a like nature not having to do directly and primarily with the day-to-day life of the employees and their relations with supervisors. Although Montgomery Ward supported traditional concepts of management rights with respect to day-to-day arbitration, it left open a number of important questions with regard to dismissals arising as a consequence of longer term strategic decisions. This included questions relating to the dividing line between a rational business decision to relocate a plant, and one involving, for example, the elimination of a unionized plantan illegal antiunion activity. Moreover, the Courts decision to exclude changes in business practice from arbitrable grievances, merely prohibited unions from insisting on arbitration in these matters; and hence relieved management from the legal duty to discuss these matters in good faith. This did neither mean that union representatives could not bargain about these issues when contracts were negotiated, nor did it imply that once management conceded to union involvement in these matters, this involvement was illegal or unenforceable. The latter issue of bargaining about alleged management prerogatives was addressed first in 1952 in NLRB v. American National Insurance Group.[34] In American National, the Supreme Court held that management could enforce limits to bargaining on the basis of a management prerogative clause, under which the union was ousted from involvement in certain matters. American Nationals management prerogative clause included issues of discipline and work schedules; that is, statutory rights with respect to mandatory bargaining. The court, nonetheless, rejected the Boards position that employers were obligated to establish ongoing bargaining during the terms of the collective agreement on issues subject to defined managerial prerogatives. While in American National the company had attempted to impose broad limitations on bargaining rights, many companies insisted ââ¬Å"onlyâ⬠on the type of management prerogatives listed in the Montgomery case, such as the freedom to decide on the closure of units. In the mid-1950s, Haber and Levison reported that over 80% of the contracts signed in the building industries contained one or another form of a managerial rights clause. Many of these clauses explicitly prohibited bargaining over issues of job security.[35] The management literature, meanwhile, welcomed American National because companies were now less likely to face NLRA proceedings if they refused to discuss issues of employment security. This was the case, not only where companies had gained past assurances that union representatives would respect managerial prerogatives, but also where such clauses could be ââ¬Å"inferredâ⬠from existing bargaining agreements.[36] Management rights in matters of dismissals and layoffs were ââ¬Å"clarifiedâ⬠further in the 1958 Supreme Court decision on Borg-Warner. In NLRB v. Wooster Division of Borg-Warner the Court held that there were three subjects of bargaining: mandatory, nonmandatory, and illegal.[37] The obligation to bargain, as specified in the NLRA, applied only to mandatory subjects. A nonmandatory subject was ââ¬Å"permissive,â⬠meaning that it could be raised by either party. However, when a party insisted on a position regarding such an area to the point of impasse, it was acting illegally under the provisions of the Act.[38] Since the law had defined the mandatory subjects of bargaining, Borg-Warner played an important role in the preservation of managerial prerogatives with regard to redundancies and dismissals. Under Borg-Warner, union demands for job security or employment guarantees could be rejected, as they could not be reasonably classified as mandatory bargaining items.[39] When determining what were mandatory and nonmandatory bargaining subjects, the NLRB and the courts of the 1950s and 1960s typically referred to the relevant NLRA section 9(a) which mandated bargaining for pay, wages, hours of employment, and other conditions of employment. Given these specifications, any issue involving pay and hours was obviously a mandatory bargaining item, requiring both parties to bargain in good faith or face sanctions through NLRB proceedings. More problematic was the clause including, ââ¬Å"other conditions of employment.â⬠When issues like redundancies, mass layoffs and mass discharges were at stake, the courts and the Board usually interpreted ââ¬Å"other conditions of employmentâ⬠to mean that union involvement in decisions about which workers were to be laid off or made redundant, was mandatory. To this effect union representatives were to be informed about planned manpower reductions. Union representatives were free to address issues related t o discharges, make suggestions with regard to manpower relocation, or suggest alternative ways of cutting costs. If the company refused, unions, however, could not insist on a settlement of the issue. While strike action relating to these matters was not per se illegal, any protracted industrial action on non-mandatory manpower issues was likely to be declared an unfair labor practice by the NLRB or the courts.[40] This approach, needless to say, gave unions with little power to influence a companys manpower decisions even in industries where levels of organization were high. Since it was often difficult to link a redundancy decision to union avoidance or to invoke contractual clauses which Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2016122833198515695.post-45624063844710639512019-11-13T17:13:00.001-08:002019-11-13T17:13:03.597-08:00Stephen King Essay -- Essays PapersBIOGRAPHY ON STEPHEN KING Stephen Edwin King was born in Portland, Maine, on September 21, 1947, the son of Donald and Nellie Ruth king. His father, a merchant seaman, deserted the family in about 1950. His mother took a succession of low-paying jobs to support him and his brother, David. A lonely, rather introverted child, King invented a more outgoing alter ego ââ¬â Cannonball Cannon, a daredevil who ââ¬Å"did good deedsâ⬠ââ¬â and derived other vicarious thrills from listening to tales of horror on the radio, reading such spine-tingling comic books as Weird Science, Tales from the Crypt, and Tales from the Vault. He also went to see science fiction and monster movies. In October 1957, the local theater manager interrupted a Saturday matinee screening of Earth vs. the Flying Saucers to announce the Soviet Unionââ¬â¢s launching of Sputnik, the first artificial earth satellite. It was then that King sensed for the first time ââ¬Å"a useful connection between the world of fantasy a nd that of what my Weekly Reader used to call current events.â⬠Eventually, countless viewings over the years of such classic horror films as The Invasion of the Body Snatchers, The Creature from the Black Lagoon, The Thing, and It came from Outer Space convinced him that the horror movieââ¬â¢s chief value is ââ¬Å"its ability to form a liaison between our fantasy fears and our real fears.â⬠The fortunate discovery of his fatherââ¬â¢s paperback collection of fantasy-horror fiction gave King, in his own words, a ââ¬Å"... Mikehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13177564805771504401noreply@blogger.com0