Heart Attack Essay

The heart is a large, hollow organ made of muscle that has four chambers: 2 upper chambers and 2 lower chambers. The upper chambers take in blood, while the lower chambers pump out blood through your whole body. A network of arteries and veins help to carry the blood throughout your body. Your heartbeat is controlled by an internal electrical system that sends signals from the right upper chamber to the left upper chamber, and then down to the lower chambers. Sometimes the heart can develop problems that prevent it from working properly. One example is a heart attack, which you suffered. This pamphlet will explain the factors that led to the heart attack, and what changes you can make in your lifestyle to prevent another heart attack. One factor that can cause a heart attack is high blood pressure. This condition occurs because of fatty substances building up in your arteries. As more fat builds up, the artery gets blocked, reducing the blood that can flow through it. This reduced blood flow causes the heart to not get enough oxygen, causing the heart attack to occur. A second factor is cholesterol. There is good cholesterol and bad cholesterol. When you have a very high level of bad cholesterol in your blood, it leads to a build up of plaque in your arteries. This build up can lead to blockage and hardening of your arteries. A third factor is smoking. Smoking increases the rate of your heartbeat, causes your blood vessels to become too narrow, and can lead to high blood pressure. The carbon monoxide inhaled while smoking reduces the oxygen in the blood. All these things make the heart work harder to pump blood through the body. The factors leading to your heart attack, artery blockage and fat accumulation, were corrected. The blocked artery was opened up through the insertion of a balloon, which expanded the artery to allow for easier blood flow. As for the fat accumulation, that can be reduced through changes in your diet. These diet changes can be discussed with your doctor during your next visit. The ultimate goal is to reduce the chance of another heart attack.

Primitive Art Essay

The class discussions of primitive art by Franz Boas and the readings that we as a class have done was about an the artistic values of primitive people on how they do different art, baskets, rugs, totem poles , sculptures and other works of art that are primitive. The materials took symmetrical designs to its finest point and the work was done with a high degree of human equilibrium. Arts of primitive people have a close relationship between morals and sufficiency of artistic development. The California Indians produce and practice these examples of form and texture. The women are the most artistic and creative among the California Indians while the men have skills with wood work. The Pueblo Indians of southern United States have villages that have the most intricate works of artistic designs on their potteries. The women in these villages are the most productive artists among the Pueblos. The men in these villages are devoted mostly to ceremonies and don’t really have knowledge in artistic expressions. In some households, slovenly work are hard to find in there works of art. The control and technique are expressively correlated in rawhide boxes that are made and practiced by the Sauk and Fox Indians of Oklahoma. The raw hide boxes have perfect symmetrical designs and folded in places to make works of art precise. Other examples are the leggings made by natives of British Columbia which bears decorations and unit. The fringes have long pieces of curried skin cut in narrow strips and decorated in rhythmic order. Other cases are twilled weavings which have excellent form and are perfectly even on the surface. These objects are considered works of art and finished in some ways that their forms have artistic value. Some other characteristics of decorative art have distinctive fields which can also be compared to a pottery. Pouches of American Indians have flaps that are treated as separate units. In moccasins, the upper part form a field separate from the rim and in clothing the sleeves, collars, pockets are considered separate units. These are some examples of art and that the fundamental, esthetic, formal interest is essential. Art in simple form are not really expressive of purposive action therefore they are based upon reaction to form that develop through technique. When art is created, people may recognize and study the impulse and the finished product teaches the conceited efforts to have a major skill in a difficult task. To communicate an idea graphically cannot be claimed as art. The tonal beauty and rhythmic structures of form is works of art. The combination of form and its content gives representative art an emotional value that is entirely different from formal esthetic effect. In primitive, symbolic representation the permanent traits appear the same way and other forms of symbolic representation are also utilized. Representative art could be and generally is an influential technical form, but in many cases it is not easily recognized. The art of primitive people have two components that are eminent in which one is based on form alone and the other is filled with meaning. The significance creates an enhanced esthetic value which takes into account the associative connections of art that is made or the artistic act. The forms are expressive that they must be representative, not necessarily representative of perceptible objects, but more or less theoretical ideas. The tribal arts all over the world have ornaments that appear purely formal and are associated with meanings and stories. Symbolism in art has characteristic and traits that associate with the apex and form of content in primitive art. A general similarity of form exists between the purely conventional and the realistic forms, in which the designs contain realistic images which are geometrical and move aimlessly in zigzag bands. Symbols are put on rugs, baskets, potteries, moccasins, leggings and drums. Symbols have geographical meaning and it relates to the universe as such. Symbols could also tell stories of due process of natives in their livelihoods and cultures. In some cases the symbols have to associate with forms that could be used in rituals and these forms of symbols would be blessed and therefore giving a certain person protection. Indians of North America use straight lines and rectangles that appear in diverse combinations and one of the typical forms is the isosceles triangle with enclosed rectangles. These forms are mostly found on the Great Plains Indians and among the pueblo Indians. The Symmetry, rhythm, and affirmation or attribution of form which doesn’t describe an absolute style, for they underlie all forms of decorative art. Many formal elements are integral parts of every art style and these give it its most specific character. The examples of the polished stone axes, chipped arrow or lance heads, iron spear heads, utensils and anything that has to do with the daily uses of people. These forms we recognize as imaginations of works of art that is done in perfect technique. The differences in style are not the rules, but are more commonly the most highly developed art likely to impose on style of different industries that is associated with the mat weaving and basketry that have been influential in developing new forms and powerful an dignified in other fields. There are different styles with different techniques With Natives from the tip of South America to far edges of North America. Some have pictorial designs, geometrical designs and the pottery paintings have different styles of patterns. The primitive art around the hemisphere could have in common the esthetic pleasures felt by members of society. The works of art maybe diverse in its beauty, yet the general characters of the enjoyment of beauty are forever sound in society. In art we should let our imaginations soar to the point of oblivion and through this we can hear the songs of artistic dances. Admire and take in the beauty of decorative and ornamental art, work, paintings or sculptures of natives across America and around the world. The works of art could be appealed by the different forms of making art through the eyes of a person’s imagination and give them esthetic values. Even a person in the very middle of conflict or poverty could create a work of art that gives esthetic pleasure. To these people the innovations of bountiful nature and inventions has granted them freedom from care and through this they devout much of their energy to the creation of works of beauty. Art can be made from a sense of smell, taste and touch and with every rhythmical movement of the body or objects that appeal to the eyes. The tonal speeches which please the ears can produce artistic effects along with the muscular variations of the body could prove to be art. These are the esthetic values of and artistic mind and Mother Nature also plays a role in works of art.

Does the Use of Ombudsmen, Tribunals and ADR Give the Citizen a Better Essay

Does the Use of Ombudsmen, Tribunals and ADR Give the Citizen a Better Solution for Settling Disputes Than Using the Courts - Essay Example This paper therefore addresses the significance of the use of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), Ombudsman and Tribunals in justice systems of the world.   Importance of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) In some countries, ADR is also referred to as external dispute resolution (EDR). It is found in countries such as Australia and encompasses dispute resolution techniques and processes that act as an enabling means for parties in disagreement to reach an amicable agreement. ADR is therefore an alternative system to a formal litigation. It encompasses resolving civil and communal disputes without involving the judicial process that involves court processes (Anderson1998, pp 113-128), although ADR has been a subject of heavy criticisms, the system has over the recent years gained popularity as well as acceptance among members of the bar and the general public. For example, some established courts now call for some parties to seek the services of ADR, mostly mediation before comm itting the cases to full trial in formal courts. The ever-increasing popularity of ADR may be partly attributed to the piling of cases in formal courts and the general perception that the system is cheaper as opposed to litigation. It is also widely believed that ADR upholds confidentiality. As is the case, the judiciary in some developed nations such as England has endorsed the system as it encourages mediation in settling disputes. ADR involves processes of mediation, negotiation, collaboration and arbitration and at times conciliation which as per now may fully be taken as a form of mediation. The system can satisfactorily be used alongside other legal systems, most notably the Sharia courts that falls within the jurisdictions of the common law as found in countries such as Australia (Anderson1998, pp 113-128), Mediation as one of the vital processes of ADR involves enlisting of a non-partisan third party to assist in the resolution of disputes.  Such a person is expected to pr ovide necessary ways for reaching a compromise. Arbitration on the other hand may be argued to be the most formal as far as the methods are concerned in settling of disputes without necessarily involving the courts.   Arbitration refers to a method where the parties involved in a dispute pass their concerns to an impartial party, who is mandated to come up with an impartial verdict on their behalf.   The judgment  passed is considered final and legally binding to both feuding parties.   The benefit of arbitration is that the agreement to carry it out can be made at any given moment. The involved parties can also strike a compromise on the number of arbitrators to preside over the dispute.   The parties also have the mandate of appointing an experienced expert in the field.   The hearings regarding arbitration can take so many forms paper arbitration, which compels the feuding parties to submit all their concerns to the arbitrator through writing. The arbitrator then stud ies the submissions before making a decision.   Transparency and objectivity is upheld as the parties have the right to request for a hearing that they appear as well as their witnesses if any (Slapper & Kelly 2004, pp 26-43). Is there justice in Tribunals? The establishment of tribunals anywhere in world has raised more eyebrows than praises. This relates to their intentions and goals in addition to statutory

Water Management in India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Water Management in India - Research Paper Example The challenges of water management in India stem from resource problems whereby the protection of water sources is yet to be effective. Deforestation along with other hazardous activities threatens the water sources of the Asian giant. Moreover, infrastructural parameters hinder the achievement of full access to water by many residents of India. Though, the water problem in India is more visible in cities particularly slums. As a result, numerous organizations both local and international along with government agencies have focused on water supply in slum areas. The management of water in India is closely related to hygiene because the access to water is the only way to guarantee good hygiene in the society. Therefore, improving water supply is considered central towards enhancing the standards of hygiene. This paper evaluates water management in India through a number of perspectives to bring out the current state of water administration in the Indian subcontinent along with its rel evant effects on life. Primary issues will be listed and discussed regarding how they influence water management. Major organizations in the process of water administration will be discussed. One of the primary issues in India regarding water management is the utilization of water for agricultural purposes. Owing to the unreliable weather of India, certain areas are dependant of water for irrigation purposes. The insufficiency of rain makes farmers become dependant on water supply for agricultural use.

Domestic Terrorism Final Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Domestic Terrorism Final - Essay Example In addition, ethnic refugees such as Cuban and Puerto Rican, support local movements that support independence or regime change. One of the main attractions for foreign terrorists in the US is the ability to raise money. While this somewhat distorts the technical definition of 'domestic terrorist', it does indicate the level of cooperation, even when the goals are self-serving. According to Ehrenfeld and Lappen (2007), "A major funding source for terrorist and criminals is the trade in illegal drugs". It has been well publicized that "Islamic extremist organizations, primarily Hizballah, and, to a lesser extent, the Sunni extremist" groups have been cooperating with international terrorists in South America, such as FARC, to raise funds through the drug trade (Hudson, 2003, p.14). These drugs are then marketed through US groups, and according to John Sullivan of the Los Angeles Sheriff's Department, "organized crime groups in Los Angeles County are supporting international terrorists" (qtd. in Ehrenfeld and Lappen, 2007). 2.) The Internet has become a powerful tool because of its capability to communicate around the globe instantaneously. As with all other technology, it is not the technology that creates the problem. It is the user. Freedom of speech and the right to privacy hold conflicting roles when we examine private communication that incites violence. The public display of speech or information that incites or advocates violence or illegal activity is already illegal in the US (Finkleman, 2006, p.178). A web site that calls for the destruction of property or lives should be taken down by law enforcement and the perpetrators pursued. However, private communication should be considered as a separate issue. E-mails and private messages that travel across the Internet should be treated no differently than printed material. The US has a long tradition of constitutional guaranteed freedoms that included freedom of speech. Most intelligent people also understand that with this freedom comes a responsibility. We are not free to say anything, anywhere. However, private conversations are given extreme consideration, and electronic correspondence should be considered private conversation. I would object to the government intrusion. Though I have nothing to hide, there is the potential for government officials to use their authority to pursue or oppress their political opponents. There is the fear that the label 'terrorist' could be applied to well intentioned social movements, or people who plan to engage in the time honored protest of civil disobedience. Removing freedom of speech from private conversations is a step down a slippery slope that should not be taken. 3.) By definition, 'domestic terrorism' must involve a criminal act. According to the US criminal code Title 18, Part I, Chapter 113B, 2331 (5A), the activity must "involve acts dangerous to human life that are a violation of the criminal laws of the United States or of any State" (US Code Collection, n.d.). However, there is a significant difference between disturbing the peace by blocking the entrance to an abortion clinic and the burning of a business, such as the vandalism that did over $1 million damage to the U.S. Forestry Science Laboratory in Rhinelander, Wisconsin that was blamed on the Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) (Terrorism 2000/2001, 2004). The difference is

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America Essay

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America - Essay Example 2. Background of the U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Initially, the United States did not take sides on the war in Vietnam. However, a series of global events provoked the United States into backing up France. This was after President Harry S. Truman promised to assist the French in sustaining their control in Indochina. Consequently, the United Sates got involved in Vietnam. Before the war, in one way or the other, the United States believed that it was in charge of maintaining order in the world. Among Harry Truman’s foreign policies was the policy to control communism and this was very evident in Southeast Asia. During Eisenhower’s administration, the United States continued to directly support the French in form of equipment, weapons and technical assistance. According to a report by Charles E. Wilson, who was the defense secretary during Eisenhower’s first term as president, millions of dollars were allocated to the French Union Forces, in addition to a program for regular Indochinese military assistance for equipment and weapons. Campagna states that â€Å"In September 1953, $385 million were allocated to the direct support of the French Union Forces and added to the $400 million previously appropriated for this purpose in the budget for fiscal year 1954† (3). ... This led to the transfer of these funds from assistance programs to other accounts of allotment. At the same time, a complete account of the amounts spent in Vietnam was demanded revealing the total dollars spent by the United States from 1953 to 1965. The cost of military personnel in Vietnam was not included in the accounts, as it was not clear how many dollars had been spent on this, despite the fact that between 1954 and 1961, the number of troops assigned to Vietnam had gradually increased (Campagna 5). The amounts in millions of dollars are shown in the following table: Fiscal Year Agency for International Development and other Agencies Public Law 480 (all titles) Total 1953-1957 783.9 39.4 823.3 1958 179.1 9.7 188.8 1959 200.6 6.5 207.1 1960 169.0 11.5 180.5 1961 132.6 12.0 144.6 1962 110.7 32.5 143.2 1963 133.2 64.3 197.5 1964 159.3 71.0 230.3 1965 216.1 52.8 268.9 Total 2084.5 299.7 2384.2 Source: Campagna, Anthony S., The Economic Consequences of the Vietnam War, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991, Print, table 1.1. At this time, it was difficult to determine whether the total amounts spent in Vietnam, with or without the personnel costs, would have an impact on the economy of the United States. In the 1950s, the economy of the United States underwent a period of stagnation with three recessions during Eisenhower’s administration reducing the economic growth rate of the nation to 2.4 percent (Campagna 5). During this era, the economic and technological growth of the Soviet Union was higher than that of the United States. This brought about charges as a result of the technology gap. The United States however closed this gap by establishing the National Aeronautics and Space

Rights of Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Rights of Management - Essay Example own as The Labor Management Relation Act Of 1947 is law that marked a radical change in the federal regulation of industrial relations (Carper et al, 2008). This change was created after a vast number of large scale strikes were held to an extent of nearly disabling the steel, automobile and packing industries among others in the United States. These work mayhems severely affected the economy leading to panic from public. This act, which was an adjustment to the Wagner Act of 1935, was made to benefit all the parties that were involved in the labor agreement as the employees, employers and the labor union (Beik, 2005). Its passage of 1947 added new necessities to the former ‘which meant that its actual meaning would now depend upon the interpretation by the National Labor Relations Board, as well as, the courts’. Taft –Hartley Act placed restrictions on unions that were already imposed on the employer which dictated that it was unlawful to contain workers who wanted to exercise their rights for self organization. (Dubinsky, 1994). Moreover, secondary strikes, boycotts and sympathy strikes especially those that were intended to influence employers, as opposed to those that the Union had contract with. Its first amendment entailed right to free speech that had been severely limited by the former laws, giving chances to employers to air their ideas on unionization only if the ideas are not incisive with threats or promises to employees. It also restricted the liability of employers based on managers’ actions to those who would be considered as a section of supervisors’ official duty. Additionally, the Act allowed states to enact right to work laws which illegalized the setting of union membership as employment condition although some states chose it while others bargained f or changes to avoid conflict of interest. According to Carper, et al. 2008, the Act made recommendation for the contract of labor to on either sides to bargain in good faith on the

Politics and culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Politics and culture - Essay Example The comparison will be between ‘Five Faces of Oppression, by Iris Young and ‘The Creation of Patriarchy’ By Gerda Lerner. Iris Young’s article explains the five types of abuse that include; exploitation, violence marginalization, cultural imperialism, and powerlessness (Lerner, 1993).1 However, Gerda Lerner’s mainly explores the origin of women’s subsidiary roles to men in society. Learner’s article mainly focuses on the Neolithic period. During this period, women were exchanged between tribes for pragmatism purposes. However, for the purposes of this essay and argument, this paper will discuss and focus on the aspect and issues of cultural imperialism and exploitation as put forth by Gerda Young comparatively against Iris Young opinions. In the natural and conventional wisdom, it refers to the fact that section or part of the society would feel superior and domineering or overbearing over and above the others. This happens in the instances where a part of the world would feel that their lifestyle and the way in which they live is the best, and the cultures of other people are inferior. Thus, in the tail end, it follows that the people who feel that their culture or in principle their way of life is the superior start to impose on the others. In so doing, they would start to coerce and intimidate others whom they consider culturally inferior to change and embrace their lifestyle and method of lifestyle. The same also extends to the gender roles where the males domineer or pose an overbearing approach to the lives of women. This happens since the men in most cases seek to define and control what ought to constitute the gender performance and role of the women (Lerner, 2005).2 For instance the men may seek to define the roles or women relative to domestic and office duties. This is where the men may seek to dominate or use their conventional masculine ability to control and impose

The growth in bond issues in Australia Essay Example for Free

The growth in bond issues in Australia Essay The stock of Commonwealth Government Securities rose rapidly in 1990 and peaked in 1997 and it the fell existed and continued till 2003. If the fall continued it would be harmful to the financial market and hence the government announced the it would maintain the viability of the CGS market. At present the value of such bonds exceeds $300 billion. The bonds in Australia in the market represented by Non-CGS and Semi issuance. The Stock of such $300 billion, which is more than 3 times of stock of CGS and Semis. In Australia, the government and non-government sectors issuing the bonds in order to raise the capital. The investors domestic or offshore markets are attracted with the issue of bonds, since the bonds provide secured amount with regular coupon payment for entire life of the bond. The minimum investment in bond is $500,000. For the domestic issue, the commonwealth bank was ranked in number one in the issue of bonds for 2004. It offered fixed and floating rate debt securities. GOVERNMENT During 1990s, the domestic market confined to government borrowers. There is a trend to issue of bonds by financial and non-financial borrowers occasionally issued the bonds into the domestic market only. But since past decade, the corporate bond market in Australia expanded rapidly. The non-government bonds equivalent to 25% GDP. Due to such increase the government bond outstanding fallen. It is an automatic incident since the non-government bonds increasing rapidly as they are capturing the offshore market. During 1990 the Australian government issued the bonds less than $50 billion and even up to 2005 it was continued with $50 billion. During 1995 to 1999 the bond issue was gone up to $100 billion. But the government want to be stable the issue of the bonds and to maintain $50 billion. It is a good sign to the government’s view because the issue of bonds indicates the debt ness of the organization. Due to stability of the issue of the bonds, the image of the government will be increased. STATE GOVERNMENTS In Australia, the State Governments also issuing the bonds and they are also mainlining the Australian government’s policy by maintaining that the debt issue i. e. bonds issue should not be more than $50 AUD billions. Since it is the government policy, they cannot issue more than $50 billion. The state government issues bonds called as Semi Government bonds. These are issued via State governments other than Federal Government. The credit rating varies for every state and hence normally there may be higher rate than commonwealth Government bonds. NON-GOVERNMENT BONDS The banks started to provide more housing loans and it reflected to fall mortgage rates due to lower inflation and increased competition. Of course due to good economic conditions. The banks also diversified its funds to other markets through the local and offshore issuance of bonds and asset-backed securities. With this effect, the non financial corporate increased their borrowing from banks, besides issue of their own bonds. Issue of bonds in such small country leads to beneficial, shift to low inflation and caused to issue of demand for fixed interest bonds. Issue of non-government bonds can be termed as Australian private sector. The issue of such bonds relates to domestic and offshore market. The private is institutions represented by financial institutions, predominant banks. They issued the bonds into offshore markets more than 80% of their total bonds. The issue of bonds in offshore market is rapidly developed from 1990 and at present the outstanding is $350 billions whereas the domestic market i. e. onshore market captures only $200 billion. KANGAROO BONDS It is an Australian dollar-denominated bond issued by a non-Australian entity in the Australian market. It is a bond issued by the foreign entity in Australia. The Kangaroo bonds are also long term debt security issued by the non-residents in the Australian domestic market. Kangaroo bonds play the major role in non-government bond market. During 2003-2004, with the issue of kangaroo bonds, the level of non-government bonds raised from $1. 8 billion to $15. 2 billion. Almost most of 70 percent of this amount contributed by the residents of Australia. The main reason for such contribution in Kangaroo bonds is since the government of Australia reduced the debt security. During that time the government has budget surpluses. Moreover the Australian government encouraged the privatization of some of public departments, which caused the privatization proceeds received. The most of the privatization proceeds and budget surpluses used for repaying the debt. Therefore government stopped to issue the bonds. Under this juncture, the kangaroo bonds were released and rapid growth is inevitable for kangaroo bonds. During that period, since there is other alternative, as the government is not issuing the bonds and highly credit rating given for Kangaroo bonds, Australian investors supposed to get Kangaroo bonds. FLOW OF FUNDS The non-government bonds increased significantly while the Treasury bonds declined. The Flow of funds represented by the non-government bonds, State Government and Commonwealth Government. The importance of bonds credibly increased since 1990 and the Commonwealth Government maintained such level, which is not, exceeded more than 60 billion dollars. The bond category increased since the bonds between money market securities and shares with strong guarantee, though it provides lower yield. Hence the flow of funds in the Australia rapidly increased with the cause of issue of bond securities. Since the investors seeking to avoid the losses of share prices, they shifted their platform to the bonds category. CONCLUSION Since the Australian government maintaining such policy not to issue more than $50 billion, it is inevitable to the other institutions to issue the bonds to get the funds. The domestic market is not having such funds, naturally the financial institutions, banks and other companies started to get the funds through offshore markets by issuing of funds. Due to increase of role by the non-government sector, the government bond out standings fallen as the budget surpluses available to both Central and State Governments. Consequently the role of non-government bonds has increased to become large segment in the Australian bond market.

The first organisation I collected two documents from was Vodafone Essay Example for Free

The first organisation I collected two documents from was Vodafone Essay 1. INTRODUCTION This report was specially made to describe, compare and evaluate two different standard business documents from three different organisations, a total of six documents. I was asked for the first unit to gather these documents, to clearly and accurately explain their purpose and to identify the common elements of similar documents for example: use of boxes, headings, gaps between headings and logos etc. I was also asked to compare the documents and accurately evaluate the god and bad points about writing and presentation styles (formal/informal, blocked or indented style, method of emphasis such as underlining, italics and bold writing. It is also important for me to comment on their suitability for purpose and to suggest how they could be improved. I will then produce an in depth report which enabled me to show effective skills in the appropriate use of software facilities to automatic aspects of my document production, such as bullet and numbering, paragraph and heading styles and standardised layout. 2. Organisation One: Vodafone The first organisation I collected two documents from was Vodafone. The documents I collected were a letter from Vodafone and a leaflet of Vodafone top up. 2.1 Vodafone Letter The purpose of this document is to inform customers of Vodafone PLC about the latest polyphonic ring tones available. The layout of the letter is A5 page that has been printed on both sides. On the first side the following information is displayed: The document has a Wide screen television visual out the outer parts of the letter with a man snow boarding in some snowy mountains and then under this it states Starring below this it states the name of person it has been addressed to. On the second side the following information is displayed: The right hand side a line has been drawn to separate the actual content with the address of where it is purposed to go, a postage paid sign in the top right hand corner and diagonally in small text an address the document should be sent to if it is undelivered. On the left hand side the text is laid out like a letter using paragraphs and clear headings above the paragraphs. There is also a flow chart diagram of what to do if the receiver of the letter would like to purchase ring tones or pictures via the internet. Below this a line has been drawn and in smaller text it states the terms conditions of purchasing ring tones and that downloading ma restricted in some countries. This document is similar to the other letters as it is notifying it customers the products and services available to its customers. The documents have all used paragraphs to make the document easier to reader. The good points that about this document is that its initial headings have been typed in bold colour red and that the information given in the letter has been shown in either a paragraph or a flow chart diagram with links to the next step with a writing style that is clear to read. As the diagram has been made efficient with the use of arrows appropriate boxes and pictures. The bad points about this document are that the whole document should be changed as the actual information that has to be notified to the customer is not clearly emphasised as the address column has taken up too much space foe what is actually needed and also that the address could have been printed on the other side where the big picture is printed. The method that this letter has been distributed for is not good, and the product that the company is trying to sell has not been emphasised enough. I think this document is not suitable for its purpose. 2.2 Vodafone Top up Leaflet The purpose of this document is to inform customers about the electronic way of topping up your credits on your mobile phone. Also about how to linking your E-TopUp card with your mobile. The layout of this leaflet is A6 page that has been printed on both sides. On the first side the following information is displayed: The document has a red front cover with in the top two corners logos of Vodafone and the TOP-UP log that can be found on outlets that offer electronic top up. Between these two logos in white font it says How are you? below this is an outline of a white speech bubble and inside the bubble it states, Im ready to TopUp. On the second side the following information is displayed: The background of the document on this page is white. The first paragraph is in a red font and slightly larger font is a brief introduction about the topic of the leaflet. Underneath in small black font it says that top up is easy to use and that card is simple and secure. The second paragraph in a bold red font says The benefits of topping up with your new swipe card, underneath this in a smaller black font it states the benefits. The third and final paragraph in a slightly larger red and bold it says Linking you E-Top swipe card to your mobile, underneath this in a smaller black font it bullet point the stages of how to link your swipe card with your mobile. On the third side the following information is displayed: The background of the document on this page is white. The first paragraph heading states in a red and bold font about how the swipe card scheme works. Underneath in a smaller size text bullet points about how the actual swipe card scheme operates. The second paragraph heading says in a slightly larger red and bold font Existing E-TopUp swipe card customers, underneath this in a smaller black font it offers customers to have personalise top up cards with there phone number on the card stated. On the fourth side the following information is displayed: The background of the document on this page is red with white font. It states in bold font Where you can use your E-TopUp swipe card, underneath this in smaller font a list of large retailing outlets such as Argos but also where ever the shown signs are displayed. Underneath this in a smaller text states Vodafones Terms and Conditions of using there top up swipe cards, with a large Vodafone logo outlined in white in the bottom right hand corner of the leaflet. The good points about this document is that it uses the same colour co-ordination throughout the document but also the colours used contrasted together so the text could easily be read and the were the companies colours used on logos. The information text was cleverly spaced out with every paragraph was about a different aspects of using the swipe card. The leaflet did not for second go of task about what the leaflet wanted to achieve and the information needed by the customers. The bad points about this document are that the Terms and Conditions were in very small text that was hard to read; this was as Vodafone were hiding some not so good information about the swipe card. I think this document is suitable for its purpose. 3. Organisation two: Halifax The second organisation I collected two documents from was Halifax. The documents I collected were a letter from Halifax and a leaflet of Halifax, The facts and figures. 3.1 Halifax Letter The purpose of this document is to inform customers about their new bank account and the ways they can withdraw and bank money into their new current account. The letter is on a single A4 page that has been printed on one side. The background of the document of this page is white. In the top right hand corner is the Halifax logo and the address of its headquarters. The first paragraph heading starts off saying Dear Customer, Welcome to Halifax!, In a black font. Underneath in the same sized font says Enclosed you will find your, and then bullet pointed below stating the objects that have come with the letter. The second paragraph starts with a bold blue text stating how to get started with your new account. Then it states a step-by-step guide how to activate your credit card. The third paragraph starts with a heading in a bold and blue font giving information about the credit card PIN number. The good points about this document are that it has initial headings have been typed in bold above every new paragraph for emphasis and that the information given in the letter has been shown in either a bullet point or numbered form with a writing style clear to read. The bad points about this document are that there are headings in a letter making the subject of the different sections hard to identify. I think this document is suitable for its purpose. 3.2 Halifax Leaflet The purpose of this document is to inform customers about the great savings customers can make on home and travel insurance. The layout of this leaflet is C5 page that has been printed on both sides. On the first side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is white with contrasting blue and green at the top and bottom of the page. On the left hand side of the page in a bold blue text saying Were offering some great savings on your home and travel insurance, with great savings highlighted in a green colour. Underneath this in blue are the Halifax logo and message. On the right hand side of the page is a man wearing glasses in a hot air balloon waving. On the second side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is white with a picture on the right hand side of the page with a man skiing in mid air contrasting with the white background. On the left in a bold green text if says Annual Travel Insurance from under à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½44*. Underneath this in a small black font a paragraph stating that Multi -trip cover can offer you great value for money and bullet pointed is the savings you could make. On the third side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is white with a table outlined and shaded in green. On the left is a table of the different covers you could buy ranging from 17 days to 12 months. On the right in a small black font is the rating of there annual travel insurance done by an independent market research company and their company logo. Underneath the terms and conditions of annual cover. Underneath this in a large blue font is a phone number for travel insurance or the website you could visit to find out more. On the fourth side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is white with a picture of a man in bed relating in bed. Top of the page is a bold and green heading saying how much you could save on home insurance. On the left is a picture of the man in bed. On the right in a small black text was bullet pointed the great discounts and benefits available. On the right is a small logo saying Home insurance 2003 with five stars, this that Halifax has been rated five stars for Building and Contents cover for product features and benefits by Defaqto, an independent market research company. Underneath this in a large blue font is a phone number for Home insurance or the website you could visit to find out more. On the fifth side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is blue with a picture of a man pointing at the title a the top of the page which is in a bold and green font says Call now to see how much you could save. Underneath this in a slightly smaller white font it states Halifax Insurance GREAT SAVINGS to be made beneath this in a smaller white font it offers some impressive savings by saying how much you could save up to on Insurance with Halifax. On the sixth side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is blue. The heading says Great savings from Halifax insurance in a bold green font, with ways you could contact Halifax either by telephone or Internet. Underneath it states Halifaxs Terms and Conditions stating that some phone calls will be recorded for so purpose. In the bottom right hand corner the Halifax logo. The good points about this document are that information is clearly displayed with the use of tables and headings, making the information more interesting to read than a long essay. The bad points about this document are that some of the text could be made a bit bigger so it could read easier. A lot of information is squashed into a small space. I think this document is suitable for its purpose. As it is well designed to sell a service to a potential customer. 4. Organisation Three: Procter Gamble UK The third organisation I collected two documents from was Procter Gamble UK, which owns the beauty, range Olay. The documents I collected were a letter promoting Olay regenerist and a leaflet of the actual Olay regenerist products. 4.1 Olay regenrist Letter The purpose of this document is to inform customers of Gamble Procter UK promoting their new beauty range called Olay regenerist. The layout of the letter is A4 page that has been printed on one side. The background of the document of this page is white with a border at the top of the page. In the top right hand corner is an image of the Olay regenerist range of products. On the left of the page is the Olay logo with a bubble in red saying new. Underneath this is the address of where the letter is going to. The first paragraph has a red bold heading asking the customer Is cosmetic surgery just a step too far you? Underneath in a small black text is explanation of the percentage of women who would not have cosmetic surgery. The second paragraph is introducing the new products available from Olay. The third paragraph is offering a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 free voucher that is attached to the bottom of the page. The good points about this document are that it has initial headings have been typed in bold above every new paragraph for emphasis. There is only information that is needed by the consumer such as what the product can do to your skin. The bad points about this document are that there are headings in a letter making the subject of the different sections hard to identify. Also that there are numbers above and under the address that have no significance what so ever, that spoil the overall image of the letter. I think this document is suitable for its purpose. As it is well designed to sell a product to a potential customer, as there is a à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5off voucher from anything purchased within the Olay brand. 4.2 Olay regenerist Leaflet The purpose of this document is to inform customers of Gamble Procter UK promoting their new beauty range called Olay regenerist. The layout of the leaflet is B3 page that has been printed on both sides. On the first side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is black. On the left is a picture of the new Olay regenerist products with a light shining over the products reflecting the silver tray that the products are in. Above this in a white font is says, If youre of cosmetic surgery try this first! underneath is a logo of Red magazine. At the bottom of the page is the logo of OLAY. On the second side the following information is displayed: The background of this page is black with a picture in the centre of a lady and a step-by-step guide of how her skin colour can change into looking younger in just three weeks. Above is a red bubble saying new and next to this regenerist the logo. On the right is reminding the customer about their à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 money off coupon can experience the benefits of younger looking skin. On the left is a short paragraph in a white and large font about what the new product contains such as green tea. Underneath this is a white line going across the page with OLAY logo in both of the bottom corner with in the centre in small text money back, if not satisfied. On the third side is the following information is displayed: The background of this page is black. At the top of the page is a red bubble saying new and the regenerist logo. On the left is a picture of the regenerist products. On the left is a bullet pointed list of the products shown in the picture and an explanation that the products can be used together or singularly. Underneath this is a white line drawn across the page the address of the owners and headquarters of Olay and on the right an Olay logo. The good points about this document is that it uses the same colour co-ordination throughout the document but also the colours used contrasted together so the text could easily be read. The information text was cleverly spaced out. The bad points about this document are that the page fold was slightly to the right hand side of the page and not in the middle. I think the leaflet was a bit too much spaced out. I think this document is suitable for its purpose. 5. Conclusion Overall most of the documents reviewed in this report have followed a basic business layout. All documents stick to one writing style and font throughout the entire document, which shows consistency and is less confusing. The language used in the documents is a formal language because of its purpose.

Food Insecurity In Bangladesh Economics Essay

Food Insecurity In Bangladesh Economics Essay The international community often uses the term food security to describe not only the availability of food, but the ability to purchase food. It means not only a reliable source of food but also adequate resources to purchase it. When members of a family do not live in a hunger or fear for starvation then the family considered as food secure.. According to the World Food Summit(1996), Food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food which meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Generally, the notion of food security is defined as counting both physical and economic access to food that meets peoples dietary needs as well as their food preferences. This definition of food security is built on three principal elements: adequate food availability, adequate access to food and appropriate food utilization. Food security occupies a significant position in social and political constancy of a country. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger is the First Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1) targeted by United Nations(2012). The apprehension of this goal would not only improve the health and well-being of millions around the globe, but it would also maintain the attainment of the remaining seven MDGs. Food insecurity which is a condition that exists when people do not have adequate physical, social, or economic access to food(Food and Agricultural Organization [FAO], 2010 p8). Eradicating hunger and food insecurity is mostly important providing it is a key risk factor for malnutrition and illness, which jointly reduce productivity and economic development(Motiur Rahman et al.). Although the number and proportion of hungry and malnourished people has retreated slightly since the 2009 economic and food price crisis, an estimated 870 million people will be hungry in 2012(FAO, 2012). Little progress in poverty reduction is likely to be seen whereas hunger and malnutrition remain extensive. In other words, poverty, hunger and poor health are interlinked; the rate of each contributes to the presence and persistence of the others. Figure 1 is a conceptual framework interpreting the linkages to desired outcomes (central and upper half of the diagram) and potential risks (lower half). Source: Webb and Rogers, Addressing the In in Food Insecurity(2003) This framework recommends that food availability obtains from domestic agricultural output such as cash crops, livestock and food crops, preferably through feasible use of natural resources (water, land and vegetation). At the national level net food imports enhance the total food availability from domestic sources. Food access deals with the capability of households to secure food in the marketplace or from other sources (transfers, gifts, etc.). Household purchasing power is the key to access and this varies in relation to market integration, price policies, and temporal market conditions. Food utilization organizes issues of food quality and safety, sufficiency of intake at the individual level, and the conversion efficiency of food by the body that results in sound nutritional status and growth. In the latter illustration, the disruption of health infrastructure, lack of nutrition education and discrimination against women in controlling resources all have a detrimental impact on individual outcomes(Webb and Rogers). Bangladesh is a small country in southern Asia. According to the 2011 census, the population of Bangladesh in 2011 was about 149 million(Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics). Bangladesh is home to a densely populated flood plain delta in the world with 1,062 people per square kilometer(PRB, 2012). It regularly suffers from natural disasters such as floods, cyclones and drought. It is also vulnerable to the growing effects of global climate change. Tendency to natural disasters, distribution and quality of agricultural land, access to education and health facilities, level of infrastructure development, employment opportunities, and dietary and caring practices are the main factors of food in security in Bangladesh. Food availability likely to be hampered by production failures associated with labor restraints, gender inequality in land possession and loss of productive assets needed to sustain household food production(Maxwell and Smith, 1992). The adequate production, distribution and availability of fundamental food items in Bangladesh have always been a cause of ineterst for governments, international donor organizations and socio-economic researchers. Rice is the staple food of Bangladesh and contains around 94 percent of all food grains produced per annum Food security, in the context of Bangladesh, is therefore strongly related around the production, import and price stability of rice. Food availability in the domestic market does not essentially guarantee food security for the masses. According to the BBS Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010(BBS), 31.5 percent of households in Bangladesh have income that is considered to be below the poverty line, and a substantial portion of the se poor households suffer from food deficiency and malnutrition. The major reason for food insecurity in Bangladesh is poverty, which is both the cause and outcome of food insecurity. Poor households are lack of sufficient and nutritious food, and are likely to be food insecure. Food insecure people may have to sell or consume their productive assets to satisfy their instant food needs. This destabilizes their longer-term income potential and they may become poor. To analysis food security, both national and individual perspectives are important. Food security at the national level means there are sufficient stocks of food available in the country to meet domestic needs until such time as stocks can be refilled from harvests and /or imports. On the other hand, at individual level it means all members of the society have access to the food they require, either from their own production, from marketplace and/or from different transfer system of the government. Usually the national lev el food security masks the actual food security situation at the household level. National level analysis always evaluates the availability and requirement of food grains. It has to be understood that availability and supply are not always the same. Household purchasing power has major impact on access to food. This purchasing power fluctuates in relation to market integration, price policies and temporal market situations. The dominant food rice contributing to over 63 percent of the caloric intake for urban consumers and over 71 percent for the rural population based on 2010 household survey data by BBS(BBS, 2010). These percentages are much higher for the poor. A number of factors in Bangladesh prevent poor households or individuals from accessing food even adequate food supplies are available. The level of earnings may be too low to purchase the essential foods at existing prices from the market, lack of own land for cultivation, or may lack the fundamental resources or approach to credit to help handle with difficult times. Moreover, they may locate themselves exterior to any community support or program that offers them with in-kind or cash transfers to subsidize their food attainment capability. Food security has been a c ritical issue in the recent past regime of high food prices across the globe. In rural Bangladesh, agricultural wage employment is the major source of income for a poor household. Though, household members may be attached in a whole range of diverse liveliness throughout the year. A household becomes vulnerable to cyclical food when it depends on agricultural wage labor as this employment opening differs according to season. Through the lean seasons that are in March-April and October-November, earlier to harvesting the main rice crops, job opportunities are low. As a result there are low wage rates whereas food prices are at their peak. Earnings derived from non-agricultural sources supplies a potential safeguard across the cyclical nature of agricultural income which in turn can improve household food security. Vulnerability can be defined as the exposure and sensitivity to livelihood shocks, a concept that begins with the notion of risk(Greenblott, 2006). Households in Bangladesh experience a multiplicity of risks that can, independently or in combination, drag them into poverty. There are shocks that involve numerous households directly, likely to overcome social coping approaches established upon support inside families and communities, and there are case-specific shocks that stress involved units. By lowering exposure to risks and rising the households capability to deal with shocks vulnerability can be curtailed, but responses count on the extent and severity of damage. Damage caused by natural disasters is one of the major risks encountered by poor Bangladeshi households. Huge damage to crops, houses, livestock, household and community properties occurred by floods, cyclones erosions and droughts. In each year this disasters can lead to illness and death. Physical access to food and f ood stocks are hampered by disaster, it destroys crops as a result markets are temporarily dysfunctional that lead to an increase in the essential food price. Household food security status affected by natural disasters directly by crippling their asset base and indirectly by loss of employment opportunities, an increase in health expenditure and an increase in essential food expenditure(Coates et al.). Market availability of, and household access to food are not adequate to ensure food security. In what way household members utilize the food is also very important. Socio-cultural factors that determine the availability of food, access to and utilization of food affects the food consumption behavior, nutritional status, health and food security. Poverty, gender, age and disability, geographical location and cultural practices are important factors that affect food consumption patterns. Poverty directly influences food consumption due to lack of access to resources, knowledge and markets. Gender disparities in food distribution can cause malnutrition, especially for pregnant/lactating mothers and children(Coates et al., 2006). Lack of incomes is the principal driver of under-consumption and malnutrition for approximately 31.5 percent of Bangladeshis who live under the poverty line(BBS, 2010). Households that lack productive assets and depend on inconsistent sources of daily wage labo r are more vulnerable to food insecurity. Groups such as landless, agricultural day laborers, casual fishermen and beggars fall into this category. Within households, children, the disabled, pregnant women and nursing mothers, and the elderly face relatively high nutritional risks. Over 60 percent of all pregnant and lactating women have insufficient caloric intake, which can produce malnourished babies(World Food Programme [WFP]). General nutritional awareness, access to proper sanitation and health care, and caring practices are essential elements of an individuals capacity to absorb and utilize the nutrients in the diet and eventually of ones food security status. Other than consumption levels, different household characteristics can also show improvement in the standard of living. While standard of living and food security are anticipated to be highly linked, it would not be unexpected to find these characteristics to be related with food security issues. Therefore, it would be rational to anticipate that households with better qualities are also demonstrating lesser level of food insecurity. Quality of housing and food security level are closely related in Bangladesh(Narayan et al., 2007). Rushad Faridi and Syed Naimul Wadood(2010) stated in their study, households which are living in houses built with straw roofs (hemp/hay/bamboo) are the poorest segment of the population. Similarly, households living in houses with straw roofs, food insecurity is the most prevalent. On the other part, houses with brick wall seem to be the most food secure. These two surveillances show that household infrastructure is a strong indicator of wealth and conseq uentially, the food security situation. After categorizing the households by the level of ownership, occupancy status has an important role in determining the household welfare situation. Compared to other groups house owners are better off in terms of food security. Households, with their head engaged in salaried wage employment, are around 10 per cent more likely to be food insecure than households with their head in agricultural labour. In the same manner, electricity connection is also a marker showing higher orders of food-insecurity surrounded by the households which have no electricity connection. Education is clearly connected with food security issues with the assumption that household heads with more human wealth are prone to suffer less from food insecurity. Food insecurity is a key apprehension for the global development community as it negatively impacts diet and nutritional status. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies have shown that household food insecurity is also linked with various non-nutritional consequences in children, adolescents, and adults(Weaver and Hadley, 2009), including poor infant feeding(Saha et al., 2008), poor physical growth(Saha et al., 2009), poor child development(Hernandez and Jacknowitz, 2009, Jyoti et al., 2005), educational achievement(Jyoti et al., 2005), poor physical and mental health(Heflin et al., 2005, Siefert et al., 2004), behavioral problems and problems in parenting(Huang et al.,2010). These findings have guide to apprehension that household food insecurity influences well-being through multiple pathways involving social and psychological conditions such as deprivation, worry, distress, alienation, and alteration of family interactions as well as a pathway involving dietary intake to nutritio nal status(McCurdy and Gorman). These quantitative findings and the related concepts of non-nutritional pathways are supported by qualitative work showing that food insecurity, in addition to its nutrition-related effects, manifests itself through social and psychological conditions leading to altered behavior at individual and group levels. There are various social and psychological consequences of food insecurity in Bangladesh. First, anxiety and worries, concerning not having food for consumption or other social and religious needs and regarding determinants of food availability such as flood, cyclones, drought persist throughout the year, lead to weight and sleep loss, and point out more severe food insecurity. Second, influence of socially undesirable ways of coping with food insecurity (borrowing and asking for foods) generates dishonor which contributes to and is a sign of isolation from the society. Failure by the head of household to perform his primary accountability of providing food leads to feeling guilt and deprivation. Fear of isolation and deprivation regulates the decision-making of the household related to treatment of food insecurity, including child feeding. Lastly, food insecurity changes intra-household attachment through irritability and aggressiveness in adults, and by lack of food that makes it t ough for parents to keep children at home. The weakness of social model is that it gives the blame on victims those who are food insecure as well as it pointing the finger at deficiencies in public policy and behavior of the administration. Regarding victim blaming, the ill health caused by food insecurity is not due to exclusively individual actions. Some people argued that there should be more responsibilities on the shoulders of individuals for adopting lifestyles which will diminish the risks of becoming their ill health from food insecurity. On the other hand it is not the victims who are responsible for their behavior and ill health from the food crisis. Peoples are influenced and restrained by the social, economic, cultural and physical environments in which they live and the structural settings within which they work. Thus the governments failure to provide proper investments to reduce the food crisis may damaging the health of the vulnerable groups. Bangladesh needs to improve the availability, access, and utilization of food. Efforts to improve food security need to take into account natural and man-made challenges and changes in the domestic and international landscape, including population growth, urbanization, natural resource constraints, and climate change. In general population growth and particularly urbanization put high and growing pressure on land, making it obligatory to increase in agricultural productivity. Millions of marginal and small farms dominate the agricultural production in Bangladesh whereas crop diversification is still limited. Smallholders need to conform to changing demands, markets, and supply chains. Furthermore, the soil is seriously degraded in many parts of the country, fresh water availability for irrigation is increasingly insufficient, and natural disasters regularly damage part of the agricultural output The future food security plan needs to maintain successes in areas where positive trends have been seen; whereas, at the same time, achieving certain milestones that have not yet received enough attention. Public investment is one of the most direct and valuable instruments that governments can use to promote growth, food security, and poverty and hunger reduction. Given both the existing state of food insecurity in Bangladesh and the challenges that the country will face in the future, a comprehensive policy framework is needed that places focus on investment strategies in three major areas: (1) agricultural research and extension, (2) improved access of farmers to well-functioning markets, and (3) improved insurance and targeted social safety net programs for vulnerable groups, especially undernourished women and children. Across these three areas, attention needs to be focused on capacity building and good governance. BANGLADESH BUREAU OF STATISTICS (2011) Bangladesh Population and Housing Census 2011. Dhaka, Statistics and Informatics Division,Ministry of Planning,GoB. BBS (2010) HIES Survey Report 2010. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. COATES, J., WEBB, P., HOUSER, R., ROGERS, B. WILDE, P. He said, she said : who should speak for households about experiences of food insecurity in Bangladesh? Food Security, 2, 81-95. COATES, J., WILDE, P. E., WEBB, P., ROGERS, B. L. HOUSER, R. F. (2006) Comparison of a Qualitative and a Quantitative Approach to Developing a Household Food Insecurity Scale for Bangladesh. The Journal of Nutrition, 136, 1420S-1430S. FAO (2012) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2012. Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. FARIDI, R. WADOOD, S. N. (2010) An Econometric Assessment of Household Food Security in Bangladesh The Bangladesh Development Studies XXXIII, 97-111. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION [FAO] (2010) The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2010. Rome, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO) (1996) Rome Declaration on World Food Security and World Food Summit Plan of Action. Rome, Deputy Director General (Operations). GREENBLOTT, K. (2006) Social Protection in the Era of HIV and AIDS: Examining the Role of Food-Based Interventions. Rome, World Food Programme (WFP). HEFLIN, C. M., SIEFERT, K. WILLIAMS, D. R. (2005) Food insufficiency and womens mental health: Findings from a 3-year panel of welfare recipients. Social Science and Medicine, 61, 1971-1982. HERNANDEZ, D. C. JACKNOWITZ, A. (2009) Transient, but not persistent, adult food insecurity influences toddler development. Journal of Nutrition, 139, 1517-1524. HUANG, J., OSHIMA, K. M. M. KIM, Y. Does food insecurity affect parental characteristics and child behavior? testing mediation effects. Social Service Review, 84, 381-401. JYOTI, D. F., FRONGILLO, E. A. JONES, S. J. (2005) Food insecurity affects school childrens academic performance, weight gain, and social skills. Journal of Nutrition, 135, 2831-2839. MAXWELL, S. SMITH, M. (1992) Household food security: a conceptual review. Household Food Security: concepts, indicators, measurements. Edited by S. Maxwell and T. Frankenberger. Rome and New York: IFAD and UNICEF. MCCURDY, K. GORMAN, K. S. Measuring family food environments in diverse families with young children. Appetite, 54, 615-618. MOTIUR RAHMAN, P. M., MATSUI, N. IKEMOTO, Y. The chronically poor in rural Bangladesh livelihood constraints and capabilities. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY, Routledge. NARAYAN, A., YOSHIDA, N. ZAMAN, H. (2007) Trends and Patterns of Poverty in Bangladesh in Recent Years World Bank. PRB (2012) 2012 World Population Data Sheet Washington DC, Population Reference Bureau SAHA, K. K., FRONGILLO, E. A., ALAM, D. S., ARIFEEN, S. E., PERSSON, L. ÃÆ'. RASMUSSEN, K. M. (2009) Household food security is associated with growth of infants and young children in rural Bangladesh. Public Health Nutrition, 12, 1556-1562. SAHA, K. K., FRONGILLO, E. A., ALAM, D. S., ARIFEEN, S. E., PERSSON, L. ÃÆ'. K. RASMUSSEN, K. M. (2008) Household Food Security Is Associated with Infant Feeding Practices in Rural Bangladesh. The Journal of Nutrition, 138, 1383-1390. SIEFERT, K., HEFLIN, C. M., CORCORAN, M. E. WILLIAMS, D. R. (2004) Food Insufficiency and Physical and Mental Health in a Longitudinal Survey of Welfare Recipients. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 45, 171-186. UNITED NATIONS [UN] (2012) We can End Poverty 2015 Millennium Development Goals. WEAVER, L. J. HADLEY, C. (2009) Moving Beyond Hunger and Nutrition: A Systematic Review of the Evidence Linking Food Insecurity and Mental Health in Developing Countries. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 48, 263-284. WEBB, P. ROGERS, B. (2003) Addressing the In in Food Insecurity. Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance Project. Washingtin DC, USAID Office of Food for Peace. WORLD FOOD PROGRAMME [WFP] (2012) Food security at a Glance Bangladesh. Rome, World Food Programme.

The Physics Of An Earthquake :: essays research papers

Earthquakes are vibrations produced in the earth's outer layer, or crust, when forces pushing on a mass of rock overcome the friction holding the rock in place and blocks of rock slip against each other. The vibrations can range from barely noticeable to verry destructive. There are six types of shock waves. Two are classified as body waves which means they travel through the earth's interior and the other four are surface waves. The waves are changed by the rock types or formations they hit. Primary or compressional waves (P waves) send particles moveing back and forth in the same direction as the waves are traveling, secondary or transverse shear waves (S waves) send vibrations perpendicular to their direction of travel. P waves always travel at higher velocities than S waves. Three general classes of earthquakes are now recognized as tectonic, volcanic, and artificially produced. The tectonic variety is by far the most destructive. The most commen cause of tectonic quakes is stre sses by movements of the dozen of major and minor plates that make up the earth's crust . Most tectonic quakes occur at the boundaries of these plates, in zones where one plate slides past another Subduction-zone quakes account for nearly half of the world's destructive seismic events and 75 percent of the earth's seismic energy. They are along the so-called Ring of Fire, a narrow band about 38,600 km long, that coincides with the sides of the Pacific Ocean. The points at which crustal rupture occurs in such quakes tend to be far below the earth's surface, at depths of up to 645 km. Not all subduction zones are subject to frequent earthquakes. The frequency and magnitude of earthquakes around subduction zones are related to the direction in which the plates are moving. If two plates moving in the same general direction come close together, generally the edge of one plate will slide below the other at a sharp angle. This reduces the amount of area in which the plates touch, so the subduction zone does not produce many earthquakes and any earthquakes it does produce are not as strong. If two plates are sliding beside each other, one plate will often be forced under the other at a shallow angle, making a large area of friction. This produces more frequent, stronger earthquakes. Tectonic earthquakes beyond the Ring of Fire occur in a variety of geological settings.

A Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen Essay -- torvald, nora, christine

In Henrik Ibsen’s dramatic play A Doll’s House there are many characters that have grown to be adults that they either do not wish to be or that they are expected to be. The character breakdown as the play goes from act to act is apparent. From a woman struggling to be the perfect wife and mother to a husband trying to be perfect and surround himself with people that are likewise we see that it is much harder to put on a mask to be something you are not. Nora Helmer is a simple woman. She is the mother to young children as well as an adoring wife to her husband Torvald. Nora is described by her husband as a spendthrift, a little featherhead, and a skylark. (Delbanco & Cheuse) These terms are used in a fashion to say that she is flighty, a dainty woman who shops and flits about with no care in the world. Even her friend Christine Linde tells her that she is immature and childish to the realities of the world. This is actually not a fair statement of Nora. She has already put forth a strong attitude when Torvald was ill. She found a way to get the monies needed to ensure that he got well. She may not have gone about it the legal way but she went to whatever lengths needed to ensure that the man she loved could get well. This was a step outside of the expectations of her. She has always been there to do whatever a man expected of her. Her father expected her to be there to take care of him and the household. Her husband took her in h is home and expected the same of her. She was never able to form her own person as someone else was always there telling her who to be and how to be it. Nora wants to be taken seriously and to learn how to be strong for herself. She realizes that she has been able to get this loan and has been paying i... ...ectations they are not happy but just being. By the end of the play there is some hope for all of them. Works Cited Brunnemer, K. (2009). Sexuality in Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Bloom's Literary Reference Online: http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&WID=97972&SID=5&iPin=BLTHS004&SingleRecord=True. Delbanco, N., & Cheuse, A. (n.d.). Literature Craft and Voice. In H. Ibsen, A Doll's House (pp. 1346-48). Haller, E. (n.d.). Bloom's Literature. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Facts on File: http://www.fofweb.com/activelink2.asp?ItemID=WE54&WID=97972&SID=5&iPin=ETL0595&SingleRecord=True. Metzger, S. (n.d.). An overview of A Doll's House. Retrieved 11 23, 2013, from Gale Literature Resource Center: http://go.galegroup.com/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CH1420002305&v=2.1&u=txshracd2560&it=r&p=LitRC&sw=w&asid=2a621898dc6a06a303d9c6015c7e4bd0

Mobile Game Essay

Mobile game is a video game played on a mobile phone, Smartphone, PDA, computer, portable or calculator. This does not include games played on dedicated handheld video game systems such as Nintendo 3DS or PlayStation Vita. These data are available in these companies: Digital Chocolate, Disney Mobile Studios, EA Mobile, Gameloft, Glu, Hands-On, HandyGames, I-Play, IG Fun and THQ Wireless. Mobile games are played using the technology present on the device itself. Mobile games are usually downloaded via the mobile operator’s network, but in some cases are also loaded in the mobile handsets when purchased, via infrared connection, Bluetooth, or memory card. Games played on a mobile device using localization technology like GPS are called location-based games. These are not only played on mobile hardware but also integrate the player’s position into the game concept. In other words: while it does not matter for a normal mobile game where exactly you are (play them anywhere at any time), the player’s coordinate and movement are main elements in allocation. The best-known example is the treasure hunt game Geocaching, which can be played on any mobile device with integrated or external GPS receiver. External GPS receivers are usually connected via Bluetooth. More and more mobile phones with integrated GPS are expected to come. Besides Geocaching, there exist several other location-based games which are rather in the stage of research prototypes than a commercial success. The researcher wants to study this topic to know how much is the business gains of mobile games in this kind of business. Another thing is he wants to know the difference between the games in simple mobile phone compare to iPhone, iPod, and iPad.

McClellan

The first campaign of the Civil War was the first win for the Union and was under the command of George B. McClellan.   It was a minor battle but with this battle, under McClellan’s leadership successfully drove confederate troops out of the Kanawha Valley of western Virginia in May and June of 1861.   This was described in James McPherson’s book â€Å"Ordeal by Fire† (159).   McClellan’s victory gave the region a firm grip for the Union side and kept it from becoming in control of the confederates and eventually became West Virginia.   But the first major battle was a totally different story.This was the battle of Bull Run Creek and it was a disaster.   McClellan though helped this battle and became the savior, if even for the moment.   Because McClellan replaced McDowell who was the general at the time and this became the boost he needed to later become general in chief (Rowland, 1998 p. 86).   McClellan spent the fall and winter drilling h is troops and whipping them into shape.   He was known for his slow way of doing things and this made Lincoln very agitated.This was probably why the rumors began to fly about McClellan’s inability to be a general began and it was no secret that McClellan had such contempt for Lincoln.   On more than one occasion President Lincoln it was said that he couldn’t understand why McClellan was taking so long and insisted he go into the battle field.   Lincoln insisting he was being too slow ordered the army into action, McClellan’s slowness was mentioned several times in both required readings and was said to be cautious or meticulous.Both books I read, â€Å"Ordeal by Fire† and â€Å"George B. McClellan and Civil War History† were written on the Civil War.   But Thomas Rowland’s book core subject was on George B. McClellan.   James McPherson’s book was more of a broader book covering the war with the central theme on the Civil Wa r and only discussed McClellan’s generalship in a small section of the book.The other book dealt more exclusively on the man and his abilities.   In Rowland’s book he looked at the mental abilities of McClellan’s and coined him deranged and paranoiac.   This too was mentioned in McPherson’s book but only that he had possible mental problems and possibly other problems that affected his abilities of being a general.Some of the problems with McClellan that both books do address are his slowness and problems of exaggeration.   This exaggeration usually involved how many were in the opposing troops or in his troop’s inabilities to win a battle because of training time or supplies.   It is commonly accepted though that McClellan was considered a failure as a general, but Rowland still defends his generalship to the bitter end.There were several bad decisions made by McClellan during his service in the Civil War.   Union forces in the West had won some very important victories before McClellan could make a move to aid the fighting troops and this was a dark cloud over his leadership.   The successes around the edge of the confederacy did not help to relieve the frustration many were feeling at the inactivity or failure of the Union forces on the eastern front and this helped to reinforce the general attitude towards McClellan’s generalship.Lincoln, because of this frustration, relieved McClellan of his command and ordered him to take the offensive command at the head of the Army of the Potomac and forced McClellan to begin campaigning (McPherson, 1982 p. 211).   The overland route to Richmond was difficult so instead he moved his forces by water to the peninsula southeast of the confederate capital.   After landing at Fort Monroe, a Union post, McClellan began moving up the peninsula and in early April of 1862.   For months he remained at Yorktown choosing to besiege the enemy instead of attacking.This was another sign of his slowness and stagnation (Rowland, 1998 p. 107).   Then after the fall of Yorktown he pushed ahead to a point twenty miles from Richmond and waited for troops he had expected Lincoln would send, but that didn’t happen because Lincoln believed that the troops should instead be sent to defend Washington instead.   This infuriated McClellan.Many believe that if McClellan had moved more swiftly and decisively he probably would have captured Richmond with the forces he had available.   But with a combination of faulty intelligence reports and his own natural caution he failed.   He believed that he was outnumbered by the opposing troops and this was wrong (McPherson, 1982 p. 234).   It was by the end of May that the Confederates learned that McClellan’s army was divided on each side of the Chickahominy River and decided to attack.This battle named Seven Pines was where McClellan was barely able to hold his ground.   Finally Corps from the othe r side of the river crossed and saved his butt.   It was during this battle that General Lee took command of the confederate army.   General Lee at the end of June decided to put an all out effort to expel McClellan from his position on the outskirts of Richmond.   In a series of battles that lasted seven days McClellan warded off Lee’s final assaults at Malvera hill and decided to retreat down the peninsula to a more secure point.   In doing this it convinced Lincoln that the peninsula campaign was a wasted battle (Rowland, 1998 p. 66-67).It was on July 11th, 1862 that Lincoln appointed General Henry W. Halleck who had been in command in the western theater, to be the new general in chief.   Halleck was ordered by Lincoln to command McClellan to withdrawal his army from the peninsula and join forces under General Pope that was preparing to move on Richmond by the overland route.   Again McClellan was slow in responding and the confederates got to Pope before he d id.   Pope was badly beaten before McClellan could arrive.   This pissed Lincoln off and McClellan was ordered back to Washington where he was stripped of his command, but later out of desperation he was reappointed to the head of the army of the Potomac (McPherson, 1982 p. 255-260).Meanwhile Lee and his troops went on to invade Maryland in hopes of isolating Washington from the rest of the North.   Soon McClellan caught up with him near Sharpsburg and this became the bloodiest one day battle of the Civil War.   At Antietam on September 17th almost five thousand solders were killed on both sides and another eighteen thousand were wounded.The battle ended in a draw forcing Lee to withdraw south of the Potomac River to protect his low supplies.   McClellan again was slow in his pursuit of the general and Lincoln blamed him for letting the enemy escape (Rowland, 1998 p.176).   This lead to Lincoln believing he needed a stronger general because McClellan was so slow that he appointed Ambrose B. Burnside as commander of the Army of the Potomac.   A mistake on Lincolns part because Rowland believed he was â€Å"replacing someone slow with someone that was considered dense† (Rowland, 1998 p. 223).In Rowland’s book he argues the war was divided with each having demands on the commanders that fought the battles.   In Rowland’s book it depicts McClellan as overly cautious, proud, psychologically impaired, yet having an aristocratic air about him.   This aristocratic officer was very apt at fighting very formidable commanders such as Lee and Jackson.   With the battle of Seven Pines and Antietam campaign he had to face what Rowland says were very tough troops that gave McClellan every reason for caution.   Other reasons for McClellan’s failures were the troops he was given.   Thrown together hastily and unprepared.   He said the nation was expecting quick wins and fast victories that just didn’t happen.   Thi s too is why McClellan’s slowness was brought up so many times in each book.Sources used to write the books included historical documents, letters and diaries, but one thing that Rowland differs from McPherson is that he gives more weight to writings by other professionals that are considered quite controversial on the subject.   Rowland used those sources for the basis of his thesis, which I believe gives a little less credibility to his work.   McPherson on the other hand used a large amount of historically accurate documents, letters and diaries.   His use of reference and his bibliography was quite impressive.   In Rowland’s book he wrote more of feelings than on giving facts.I know Civil War history relies heavily on personal letters and notes, but I think taking these documents for face value is what McPherson did instead of adding his own personal beliefs.   Letters between McClellan and his wife were used a lot in Rowland’s book and this is fin e but letters like these, to a wife during war, really aren’t the best use for facts.   I think that at times of war many of the letters to family and friends leave much details out so they would not be worried about their family members so much of the writings need to be taken with a grain of salt.If asked which book I would put more stock into it would be McPherson’s book.   It dealt more with black and white facts and was more of a historically timetabled book.   After seeing all the research he had put into his book he won hands down.   He did an excellent job of sifting through the tons of papers and historical documents to write a very clear and interesting book on the Civil War.Both authors agree that McClellan wasn’t the best general nor do they believe he was the worst.   McPherson mentioned others that were just as bad or worst.   McPherson did mention something that Rowland failed to mention and that was McClellan’s problem with chr onic exaggeration (McPherson, 1982 p. 212).   This was quite a problem that he had affecting his abilities and image as a general.   I agree with Roland that he wanted to give a more balanced look at the man General George B. McClellan and I think he did an excellent job in giving him overdue recognition for some of his achievements.He gave excellent reasons as to why he thought McClellan did what he did and thought he did a good job.   â€Å"McClellan’s strategy, though reflective of the unrealistic war aims of the years 1861-1862 was cogent, reasoned, and consistent with conventional military wisdom and his personal views of the nature of the conflict.   It was not hallucinatory or deranged; it mirrored the views of the administration and of a sizeable, if not shrinking, majority† (Rowland, 1998 p. 237).   Rowland goes on to say that because McClellan didn’t have great or a large amount of wins is the only reason he was given a bad reputation and was n’t credited with any of his accomplishments.Reference:McPherson, J.M. (1982).   Ordeal by fire: The Civil War and reconstruction. New York: Knopf.Rowland, T.J. (1998).   George B. McClellan and Civil War history: In the shadow of Grant and Sherman.   Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.

Othello Prelim Essay

When the aspirational values of an individual become all-consuming, the relationships of those close to them are destroyed, through the corruption of loyalty and trust. Both Shakespeare's Othello and Geoffrey Sax's Othello portray many elements of tragedy, by exploring the relationship of Othello and Iago/Jago, and the way his manipulations distort Othello's mind. Iago's zealousness in Shakespeare's play Othello reflect the elements of a fatal flaw in an individual, and the disruption of the Chain of Being, both being key features of a tragedy.Iago's words, â€Å"Men should be what they seem†, are ironic, as he hides his true self from Othello, who trusts him completely, in order to gain what he desires. His rejection, and pursuit, of the job of Othello's lieutenant eventually causes his demise, hence becoming his ‘fatal flaw'. Iago's continued pursuit of his goal leads to the deaths of many, which provides a metaphor for all audiences of the destruction our aspirations can cause.The imbalance in the Chain of Being is corrected in the conclusion of Shakespeare's Othello, however, Sax's Othello results in Ben Jago becoming successful, and achieving the position of Police Commissioner. Sax's Jago psychologically manipulates and abuses his victims, in contrast to the original play, where many are physically killed. Our modern audience expects this, however, because we, as well as Jago, realise that for him to achieve his goals, he has to be subtle in order to avoid detection in our age of fingerprinting and DNA sampling.In this way, Sax's Jago has to prepare his plans a lot more than Shakespeare's Iago, which leads to him gaining the position he wanted, rather than being captured. However, both have very similar plans, revolving around manipulation, especially Othello's mind and emotions. Othello's trust, thereby his loyalty, relies on his knowledge of the individual, particularly their past. In both texts, his slight uncertainty with his trust in Des demona/Dessie is due to their fast marriage and lack of knowledge of their lives before he met them.In Shakespeare's Othello, Desdemona's and Othello's sudden marriage, which finalises their relationship, is accentuated by Iago asking Othello â€Å"But I pray sir,/ Are you fast married? † This leaves us confused as to how these characters became truly familiar with each other before their marriage, and foreshadows what is to later come. Sax portrays Othello's niggling doubt towards Dessie as due to her silence about her boarding school days, when she met Lulu. However, Dessie defends herself against his accusations of her being secretive, by shouting, â€Å"It's always you talking and me listening!†This frame is a close-up, overhead shot of Dessie, emphasising how vulnerable she is to Othello, and foreshadowing the circumstances of her death. Othello's distorted trust enables Iago's plan to succeed, because he puts his loyalties in the wrong hands. Sax portrays Ben Jag o as a police officer, who we and also Othello, expect to be just and honest, as police uphold and enforce the law. Similarly, Shakespeare's Iago held a position that was expected to be trusted, as a part of the army who were assigned the role of protecting their country.This fallibility of Othello's trust and loyalty allowed Iago to manipulate him such that he was able to isolate him, and destroy his relationships with others. The relationship breakdowns in both versions of Othello cause vast amounts of chaos, because the Chain of Being is broken. Shakespeare's Othello decides that Desdemona is guilty before even consulting her, as seen when Iago tells him, â€Å"She did deceive her father, marrying you†, and he replies, â€Å"And so she did.†His truncated sentence bluntly expresses his view, implying that he has made up his mind, and nothing can change it. Similarly, Sax depicts Othello as already concluded that Dessie is guilty, by him saying, â€Å"You tell me wha t I want to know†¦ Tell me the truth bitch! † These words are accompanied by a low shot, looking up at a close-up of Othello's face, indicating the power Othello has over Dessie, and makes the viewer empathetic towards her, by feeling weak and insecure. However, we have recurring scenes that show how Desdemona is trying to keep their relationship together.Sax shows this by representing Dessie as a woman in a domestic violence household, especially when she says, â€Å"He needs me. † Similarly, Shakespeare characterises Desdemona as a dutiful wife, â€Å"It was his bidding†¦ We must not displease him. † Desdemona/Dessie's loyalty to her husband infuriates Othello more, as he believes it is more of a lie to keep the secret from him, rather than tell him outright, and it is the worst thing that Desdemona could do to him, â€Å"She's like a liar gone to burning hell.†All these little aspects of Desdemona/Dessie and Othello's relationship, in both Sha kespeare's and Sax's Othello, combine to cause the destruction of it, upon which the whole play is hinged upon. The end of a relationship is caused by many varying factors, but mostly a diminished sense of trust, whether it has a basis to be there, or whether someone values it so lowly that they put their own selfish desires over it.This is true in the case of Shakespeare's Othello, and the modern adaption Othello, directed by Geoffrey Sax. Iago/Jago's aspirations cause him to manipulate many people, with the purpose of destroying Othello's relationships, mainly with Desdemona/Dessie, to achieve the position that was â€Å"wrongly† given to someone else. This holds a mirror up to both the Elizabethan and our modern societies, critiquing our nature and values.

Vomiting

Your body has a few main ways to respond to an ever-changing, wide variety of invaders and irritants. Sneezing ejects the intruders from the nose, coughing from the lungs and throat, diarrhea from the intestines, and vomiting from the stomach. Vomiting is a forceful action accomplished by a fierce, downward contraction of the diaphragm muscle. At the same time, the abdominal muscles tighten against a relaxed stomach with an open gastroesophageal sphincter. The contents of the stomach are propelled up and out. As part of a bodily reflex, you may produce more saliva just before vomiting. Vomiting is a complex, coordinated reflex orchestrated by the vomiting center of the brain. It responds to signals coming from: †¢The mouth, stomach, and intestines †¢The bloodstream, which may contain medicines or infections †¢The balancing systems in the ear (motion sickness) †¢The brain itself, including unsettling sights, smells, or thoughts An amazing variety of stimuli can trigger vomiting, from migraines to kidney stones. Sometimes, just seeing someone else vomit will start you vomiting, in your body's effort to protect you from possible exposure to the same danger. Vomiting is common. Almost all children will vomit several times during their childhood. In most cases, it is due to a viral gastrointestinal infection. Spitting up, the gentle sloshing of stomach contents up and out of the mouth, sometimes with a burp, is an entirely different process. Some spitting up is normal for babies, and usually gets gradually better over time. If spitting up worsens or is more frequent, it might be reflux disease. Discuss this with your child's doctor. Most of the time, nausea and vomiting do not require urgent medical attention. However, if the symptoms continue for days, they are severe, or you cannot keep down any food or fluids, you may have a more serious condition. Dehydration is the main concern with most vomiting. How fast you become dehydrated depends on your size, frequency of vomiting, and whether you also have diarrhea.

Down Freedom's Main Line Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Down Freedom's Main Line - Essay Example This emphasis on love as the solution gave people an alternative to active resistance. FOR also established the International Fellowship Reconciliation in Holland. FOR also made Non-violent actions against segregation by organizing its supporters and mounting nonviolence campaigns. FOR mainly used Mahatma Gandhi's approaches (Williams, 48). Question 2 The actions of the Four Black Freshmen, also known as the Greensboro Four in 1960 organized sit-ins, which were basically nonviolent protests, against racial segregation. The main purpose of the sit-ins was to spark an increased sentiment at a time when US history was critical. The problem that blacks encountered was racial segregation in all places of the US life (education, job market and in social events). The February 1, 1960 (4:30 pm) underscores the extent of racial segregation that blacks underwent. In the incident, four black university students were not served food and beverage at Woolworth's 132 South Elm Street's store, simpl y because they were black. The white race and the police reacted to the sit-ins by being antagonistic. Question 3 The reason for the formation of the Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) which was formed in 1960 was to protest against racial, social injustices and even the Vietnam War. This group coordinated southern African American college students in nonviolent protests and activities against lunch counter-segregation which followed the Four Black Freshmen sit-ins. SNCC also campaigned to de-segregate voter registration in America, particularly, in the Deep South. All in all, it is accurate to state that the SNCC purposed to bring about social change and emancipation, through civil rights activism. According to Williams, the role of Ella Baker in the development of SNCC was that of helping form, and directing the SCLC (Southern Christian Leadership Conference), under whose auspices, the SNCC operated and existed. Baker (together with Rev. James Lawson) also injected SNCC politics and administration with participatory democracy. Thus, Ella Baker's contributions to SNCC are indispensible (Williams, 61). Question 4 The reasons for the Freedom Rides were to challenge the non-enforcement of the US Supreme Court, on the cases, I. Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia, 1946 and Boynton v. Virginia, 1960. In both cases, the US Supreme Court had ruled that the segregation of public buses were unconstitutional but the Southern states ignored the rulings as the federal government failed to make measures to ratify the rulings. The Freedom Riders sought to challenge this status quo by organizing and riding interstate buses in the South. Participants of the rides comprised mixed racial groups, as a way of discounting the local customs and laws which had solidified segregated sittings. Both the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and the SNCC sponsored the Freedom Rides. The involvement of the Kennedy Administration in the Freedom Rides cannot also be discounted. Particularly, the Kennedy Administration got involved in the Freedom Rides after the 1961 Jim Crow South incident which deeply ashamed the administration. A mob set one of the Freedom Ride buses on fire, outside Anniston, Ala. the Kennedy Admin